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In this chapter, we review theory and research regarding sources and predictors of parental knowledge. Specifically, we focus on adolescents’ information management, parenting and parent–adolescent relationships, parents’ and adolescents’ characteristics, and family context as sources and predictors of parental knowledge of adolescents’ activities, whereabouts, and associations. The findings show that disclosure and secrecy are fundamental sources of parental knowledge and that when parent–adolescent relationships are positive (e.g. warm, trusting, and autonomy supportive), parents are more likely to acquire accurate knowledge about their adolescents’ daily lives. The impact of parental solicitation and rule-setting on parental knowledge often depends on many other factors such as parenting or cultural context. Parental knowledge also differs as a function of parent gender, adolescent age and gender, adolescent well-being, family structure, ethnic background, and cultural values. We provide future directions for research and emphasize the need for theory-driven research.
Divorce is one option exercised by parents who experience conflict with one another. Yet when both parents retain some involvement with their children after a divorce, they are required to continue a relationship as parents. Co-parenting may be active (e.g., parents interacting directly with one another to establish rules and expectations for the child or make decisions about the child's life) or passive (e.g., parents avoiding contact with one another but being available to parent when it is their “turn”). In either case, co-parenting necessitates continuing ties between the once-conflicting parties; thus, the opportunity for continued conflict remains. Furthermore, even (or perhaps especially) in instances where one parent has no contact with the rest of the family, angry or hostile feelings on the part of the remaining parent may create a residue of conflict that affects children.
In this chapter we explore several questions concerning postdivorce interparental conflict. To what extent does divorce reduce the conflict to which children are exposed? And to what extent is conflict after divorce an important factor in how children adjust? Is interparental conflict after divorce different from conflict that occurs within nondivorced families? And does its impact on children differ by family structure? After addressing these questions, we examine the role of parenting in understanding the link between postdivorce conflict and children's adjustment. Finally, we look at the impact of conflict in different postdivorce living arrangements to see whether conflict's impact depends on the type of custody or visitation a child experiences.
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