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  • 4 - The Dual Continua Model: The Foundation of the Sociology of Mental Health and Mental Illness

  • from Part I - Theoretical Perspectives on Mental Health and Illness: Introduction to Part I
  • Edited by Teresa L. Scheid, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Eric R. Wright, Georgia State University
  • Book:
    A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
    Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    08 June 2017, pp 66-81

  • Summary

    There are three ways to conceive of mental health. The pathogenic approach views mental health as the absence of mental illness. The salutogenic approach views mental health as the presence of positive emotional states and positive functioning. The third approach is the complete state model, which derives from the ancient word for health as being hale, meaning whole. This approach is exemplified in the World Health Organization's definition of health as a complete state, where mental health consists of the absence of mental illness and the presence of positive emotional states and positive functioning. This chapter reviews evidence supporting the complete state model, showing strong empirical support for the two continua model at the phenotypic and genotypic levels. Studies are reviewed making the case for promoting and protecting positive mental health to prevent mental illness and to improve overall psychosocial functioning of individuals and population health. So, is illness more serious than health? Is it enough to seek cures, treatment, and protection from disease and illness as the way toward achieving better mental health? The complete state model would answer “no” to both questions – why? What would it mean to focus on increasing population mental health, as opposed to reducing mental illness?

    Introduction

    Mental illness has always been a problem, but never serious enough to be considered a public health issue until 1996, when the World Health Organization published the results of the first Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study (Murray & Lopez, 1996). The GBD study estimated the total contribution of 107 acute and chronic medical conditions and illnesses by including disability in the equation to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALY). The DALY reflects the total number of years in a population that were either lived with disability or abbreviated prematurely due to death that is attributable to specific physical or mental conditions. Depression was the fourth leading cause of disease burden, accounting for 3.7 percent of DALY in 1990, 4.4 percent in 2000, and projected to be 15 percent of DALY by 2020 (Üstün, 1999; Üstün, Ayuso-Mateos, Chatterji, Mathers, & Murray, 2004).

    The debate is no longer about whether mental illness, and depression in particular, are a public health issue. Rather, the next debate is what can be done to reduce the number of cases of mental illness and those suffering from it.

Women and Depression
  • A Handbook for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences
  • Edited by Corey L. M. Keyes, Sherryl H. Goodman
  • Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    09 January 2006
  • Throughout the world, rates of depression are greater among females than males, and this gender gap emerges during adolescence and persists throughout adulthood. Until recently, women's health has centered on the topic of reproductive health, because research focused almost exclusively on biological and anatomical differences distinguishing men and women. Social and behavioral research on gender differences in health now employs multiple disciplinary frameworks and methodologies, and researchers seek to understand the higher rates of specific diseases and disorders in women and men. Symptoms of depression and the diagnosis of depression are more prevalent in women, and research that focuses on biological, psychological, and sociopolitical explanations for this gender gap should now be brought together to better inform efforts at treatment and prevention. Women and Depression is a handbook that serves to move toward a more integrative approach to women's depression in particular and mental health for all more generally.

  • The Relationship Between the Genetic and Environmental Influences on Common Externalizing Psychopathology and Mental Wellbeing

  • Kenneth S. Kendler, John M. Myers, Corey L. M. Keyes
  • Journal:
    Twin Research and Human Genetics / Volume 14 / Issue 6 / December 2011
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    21 February 2012, pp. 516-523
    • Article
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  • To determine the relationship between the genetic and environmental risk factors for externalizing psychopathology and mental wellbeing, we examined detailed measures of emotional, social and psychological wellbeing, and a history of alcohol-related problems and smoking behavior in the last year in 1,386 individual twins from same-sex pairs from the MIDUS national US sample assessed in 1995. Cholesky decomposition analyses were performed withthe Mx program. The best fit model contained one highly heritable common externalizing psychopathology factor for both substance use/abuse measures, and one strongly heritable common factor for the three wellbeing measures. Genetic and environmental risk factors for externalizing psychopathology were both negatively associated with levels of mental wellbeing and accounted for, respectively, 7% and 21% of its genetic and environmental influences. Adding internalizing psychopathology assessed in the last year to the model, genetic risk factors unique for externalizing psychopathology were now positively related to levels of mental wellbeing, although accounting for only 5% of the genetic variance. Environmental risk factors unique to externalizing psychopathology continued to be negatively associated with mental wellbeing, accounting for 26% of the environmental variance. When both internalizing psychopathology and externalizing psychopathology are associated with mental wellbeing, the strongest risk factors for low mental wellbeing are genetic factors that impact on both internalizing psychopathology and externalizing psychopathology, and environmental factors unique to externalizing psychopathology. In this model, genetic risk factors for externalizing psychopathology predict, albeit weakly, higher levels of mental wellbeing.

New Frontiers in Resilient Aging
  • Life-Strengths and Well-Being in Late Life
  • Edited by Prem S. Fry, Corey L. M. Keyes
  • Published online:
    06 December 2010
    Print publication:
    29 July 2010
  • A typically pessimistic view of aging is that it leads to a steady decline in physical and mental abilities. In this volume leading gerontologists and geriatric researchers explore the immense potential of older adults to overcome the challenges of old age and pursue active lives with renewed vitality. The contributors believe that resilience capacities diminishing with old age is a misconception and argue that individuals may successfully capitalize on their existing resources, skills and cognitive processes in order to achieve new learning, continuing growth, and enhanced life-satisfaction. By identifying useful psychological resources such as social connectedness, personal engagement and commitment, openness to new experiences, social support and sustained cognitive activity, the authors present a balanced picture of resilient aging. Older adults, while coping with adversity and losses, can be helped to maintain a complementary focus on psychological strengths, positive emotions, and regenerative capacities to achieve continued growth and healthy longevity.

  • Introduction

  • Edited by Prem S. Fry, Trinity Western University, British Columbia, Corey L. M. Keyes, Emory University, Atlanta
  • Book:
    New Frontiers in Resilient Aging
    Published online:
    06 December 2010
    Print publication:
    29 July 2010, pp 1-14

  • Summary

    This volume addresses the topic of “new frontiers in resilient aging,” which is of ever-increasing significance in current gerontological and geriatric discourse and research. The topic is not only very complex, but has enormous scope and breadth, encompassing a number of psychosocial and biological models of aging, theoretical formulations, definitions, and dimensions of resilience, and the core determinants of resilience that lay the foundations for discourse and research. Resilience as a psychological construct emerged from the study of children and youth at risk, and discourse on resilience, adaptation, and healthy longevity has focused mainly on younger adults, perhaps because of a misconception that resilience capacities diminish rapidly and perhaps irreversibly after young adulthood. Currently, increased life-expectancy without the compression of morbidity and vulnerability, together with the rising costs of healthcare, has highlighted the need for greater attention to the capacity for resilience throughout adulthood and in late life.

    More recently, factors that influence resilience in later life are being studied more extensively. Within the last few years the theme of resilience in an aging society has been featured prominently in a number of national and international conferences and is the subject of intensive study in institutes of health sciences, mental health, and gerontology. This confluence of events suggests that the time is ripe to highlight some of the more recent and important research and writing on the topic of resilience in later life, and to bring the strands of this rapidly emerging scholarship together to showcase the movement toward promoting healthier aging.

  • 7 - Viewing Mental Health from the Complete State Paradigm

  • from Part I - Approaches to Mental Health and Illness: Conflicting Definitions and Emphases
  • Edited by Teresa L. Scheid, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Tony N. Brown, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
  • Book:
    A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    16 November 2009, pp 125-134

  • Summary

    Sociological approaches to psychological well-being are fundamentally different. The distinctive emphasis of sociological approaches is on how processes such as life events, social conditions, social roles, social structures, and cultural systems of meaning affect states of mind. Many sociologists study how social conditions affect levels of mental health. Most research that takes place in clinical settings examines particular types of mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Emile Durkheim's study, Suicide, is generally regarded as the first explicitly sociological study of mental health. Contemporary studies in the sociology of mental health confirm the importance of social integration as a fundamental cause of well-being. Social inequality relates not only to economic and work conditions but is also an aspect of all social institutions. Birth cohorts are another social influence that shapes mental health. Generational factors also affect general levels of well-being and distress.

  • Preface

  • Edited by Corey L. M. Keyes, Emory University, Atlanta, Sherryl H. Goodman, Emory University, Atlanta
  • Book:
    Women and Depression
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    09 January 2006, pp xvii-xviii

  • Summary

    Women's health research has historically centered on the topic of reproductive health. Until recently, research focused almost exclusively on biological and anatomical systems and their differences distinguishing men and women. Today, social and behavioral research on gender differences in health employs multiple disciplinary frameworks and multiple methodologies. Moreover, researchers are now seeking to better understand the causes and mechanisms that explain the higher rates of physical diseases and mental disorders in women and men.

    Symptoms of depression and the diagnosis of depression are more prevalent in women. The evidence is now overwhelming that nondepressed individuals function better and are more productive than depressed individuals. Moreover, depression is prevalent, is often comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, recurs throughout the lifespan, is costly to treat, and generates substantial indirect costs to society in terms of lost productivity. Depression, then, has serious consequences whether it affects men or women. However, the fact that it is two to three times more likely to happen to women has become historically troubling because a greater percentage of women today than ever before are participating in the paid labor force in addition to their more traditional roles of raising children and tending to their families. When depression strikes women, it is disabling a central lynchpin in the structure of society.

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