16 results
Ediacara growing pains: modular addition and development in Dickinsonia costata
- Scott D. Evans, James G. Gehling, Douglas H. Erwin, Mary L. Droser
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- Journal:
- Paleobiology / Volume 48 / Issue 1 / February 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 September 2021, pp. 83-98
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Constraining patterns of growth using directly observable and quantifiable characteristics can reveal a wealth of information regarding the biology of the Ediacara biota—the oldest macroscopic, complex community-forming organisms in the fossil record. However, these rely on individuals captured at an instant in time at various growth stages, and so different interpretations can be derived from the same material. Here we leverage newly discovered and well-preserved Dickinsonia costata Sprigg, 1947 from South Australia, combined with hundreds of previously described specimens, to test competing hypotheses for the location of module addition. We find considerable variation in the relationship between the total number of modules and body size that cannot be explained solely by expansion and contraction of individuals. Patterns derived assuming new modules differentiated at the anterior result in numerous examples in which the oldest module(s) must decrease in size with overall growth, potentially falsifying this hypothesis. Observed polarity as well as the consistent posterior location of defects and indentations support module formation at this end in D. costata. Regardless, changes in repeated units with growth share similarities with those regulated by morphogen gradients in metazoans today, suggesting that these genetic pathways were operating in Ediacaran animals.
Upper Triassic Invertebrates from the Antimonio Formation, Sonora, Mexico
- George D. Stanley, Jr., Carlos González-León, Michael R. Sandy, Baba Senowbari-Daryan, Peter Doyle, Minoru Tamura, Douglas H. Erwin
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- Journal:
- Journal of Paleontology / Volume 68 / Issue S36 / July 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 August 2017, pp. 1-33
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A diverse Upper Triassic tropical marine fauna from northwestern Sonora, Mexico, includes 31 taxa of tropical invertebrates including scleractinian corals, spongiomorphs, disjectoporoids, “hydrozoans,” thalamid and nonthalamid sponges, spiriferid and terebratulid brachiopods, gastropods, bivalves, coleoids, and anomuran microcoprolites. They occur within the late Karnian to Norian part of the Antimonio Formation (Antimonio terrane), which is juxtaposed against a fragmented portion of the North American craton. Most of the fauna is also known from the Tethys region. Sixteen Sonoran taxa co-occur in the western Tethys and five have never been known outside this region. Four additional taxa (one identified only at genus level) are geographically widespread. Some taxa occur in displaced terranes of North America, especially in west-central Nevada (Luning Formation). A weak link exists with the California Eastern Klamath terrane but stronger ties exist with Peru. Among Sonoran sponges, Nevadathalamia polystoma was previously recognized only from the Luning Formation, western Nevada. Sponges Cinnabaria expansa, Nevadathalamia cylindrica, and a coral, Astraeomorpha sonorensis n. sp., are also known from Nevada. The corals Distichomeandra austriaca, Chondrocoenia waltheri, Pamiroseris rectilamellosa, and Alpinophyllia flexuosa co-occur in central Europe. Two new taxa, a spongiomorph hydrozoan, Stromatoporidium lamellatum n. sp., and a disjectoporoid, Pamiropora sonorensis n. sp., have distinct affinities with the Tethys. The geographically widespread North American brachiopod, Spondylospira lewesensis, and Pseudorhaetina antimoniensis n. gen. and sp. are among the Sonoran fauna. The Sonoran coleoid (aulacocerid) Dictyoconites (Dictyoconites) cf. D. reticulatum occurs in the Tethys realm and Calliconites cf. C. drakei is comparable with a species from the Eastern Klamath terrane. Calliconites milleri n. sp. is the first occurrence of the genus outside Sicily. The bivalves Myophorigonia jaworskii, M. salasi, and Palaeocardita peruviana are known from Sonora and Peru. Eight gastropod taxa include Guidonia cf. G. intermedia and G. cf. G. parvula, both previously known from Peru, and Eucycloscala subbisertus from the western Tethys. The gastropods are unlike those already known from other North American terranes.
Cambrian Naraoiids (Arthropoda): Morphology, Ontogeny, Systematics, and Evolutionary Relationships
- X.-L. Zhang, D.-G. Shu, D. H. Erwin
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- Journal:
- Journal of Paleontology / Volume 81 / Issue S68 / September 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 August 2017, pp. 1-52
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Naraoiids, defined as lightly sclerotized arthropods with a dimidiate tergum of two sclerites separated by a single transverse articulation, have been found in the Cambrian and Silurian. During the Cambrian they had a wide distribution coinciding with trilobite realms. This pattern may be related to the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent, probably Pannotia, which implies that naraoiids originated before the Cambrian “explosion.” Based on new observations on the original material from the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian, British Columbia), Naraoia halia is reconsidered as a valid species. The validity is further confirmed by a new record of the occurrence of this species in the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (Lower Cambrian, China). In addition, some structures of N. compacta of the Burgess Shale have been reinterpreted. Two more naraoiid species are redescribed in detail from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte on the basis of more than 1,000 well-preserved specimens. Naraoia spinosa shows dimorphism and Misszhouia longicaudata exhibits geographical variation in the overall shape of the dorsal exoskeleton. Naraoiids may have a protaspis-like larva, but the previously assigned protaspis has proven to be a separate taxon, Primicaris. In dorsal view, naraoiids resemble a giant “degree 0” meraspis (i.e., without thorax), and could have originated from different heterochronic processes, neoteny or hypermorphosis. Naraoiids are generally accepted as vagrant benthos. A predatory/scavenging life mode is supported by functional morphology and recent analogues. A healed injury in M. longicaudata suggests that they could be the prey of larger predators, most likely anomalocaridids. We suggest that differences in exopod composition might represent evolutionary changes through the Early–Middle Cambrian. The monophyly of the Naraoiidae is not firmly established. Similarity to liwiids, supposed to be the close relatives of naraoiids, is limited to overall shape. We exclude naraoiids from the Trilobita, though there do exist a number of similarities between them.
The Ecological implications of a Yakutian mammoth's last meal
- Bas van Geel, André Aptroot, Claudia Baittinger, Hilary H. Birks, Ian D. Bull, Hugh B. Cross, Richard P. Evershed, Barbara Gravendeel, Erwin J.O. Kompanje, Peter Kuperus, Dick Mol, Klaas G.J. Nierop, Jan Peter Pals, Alexei N. Tikhonov, Guido van Reenen, Peter H. van Tienderen
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- Journal:
- Quaternary Research / Volume 69 / Issue 3 / May 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 361-376
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Part of a large male woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) was preserved in permafrost in northern Yakutia. It was radiocarbon dated to ca. 18,50014C yr BP (ca. 22,500 cal yr BP). Dung from the lower intestine was subjected to a multiproxy array of microscopic, chemical, and molecular techniques to reconstruct the diet, the season of death, and the paleoenvironment. Pollen and plant macro-remains showed that grasses and sedges were the main food, with considerable amounts of dwarf willow twigs and a variety of herbs and mosses. Analyses of 110-bp fragments of the plastid rbcL gene amplified from DNA and of organic compounds supplemented the microscopic identifications. Fruit-bodies of dung-inhabiting Ascomycete fungi which develop after at least one week of exposure to air were found inside the intestine. Therefore the mammoth had eaten dung. It was probably mammoth dung as no bile acids were detected among the fecal biomarkers analysed. The plant assemblage and the presence of the first spring vessels of terminal tree-rings of dwarf willows indicated that the animal died in early spring. The mammoth lived in extensive cold treeless grassland vegetation interspersed with wetter, more productive meadows. The study demonstrated the paleoecological potential of several biochemical analytical techniques.
Jiangxispira, a new gastropod genus from the early Triassic of China with remarks on the phylogeny of the Heterostropha at the Permian/Triassic boundary
- Pan Hua-Zhang, D. H. Erwin, A. Nützel, Zhu Xiang-Shui
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- Journal:
- Journal of Paleontology / Volume 77 / Issue 1 / January 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 May 2016, pp. 44-49
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New heterostrophic gastropods are reported from the lowermost part of the Dayie Formation (Early Triassic, Leping, Jiangxi province, China). A new genus Jiangxispira (Streptacididae) is described. Jiangxispira yangouensis new genus and new species has an almost discoidal, heterostrophic protoconch that is typical of the largely Paleozoic Streptacididae, yet the teleoconch resembles that of certain Mesozoic opisthobranchs belonging to the Superfamily Cylindrobullinoidea. This character combination in Jiangxispira may indicate a phylogenetic link between the Paleozoic Streptacididae (Allogastropoda) and the Mesozoic Cylindrobullinoidea (Opisthobranchia). Small opisthobranchs form an important component of Early Triassic gastropod faunas. The opisthobranchs seemingly benefited from selective processes operating during the Permo-Triassic mass extinction and the reorganization of gastropod faunas during the subsequent recovery period.
Identity and phylogeny of the late Paleozoic Subulitoidea (Gastropoda)
- A. Nützel, D. H. Erwin, R. H. Mapes
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- Journal:
- Journal of Paleontology / Volume 74 / Issue 4 / July 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 May 2016, pp. 575-598
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The Subulitoidea have long been an enigmatic group of Paleozoic gastropods and share many characters of post-Paleozoic clades. Newly described protoconchs from several late Paleozoic subulitoid species have been employed in a phylogenetic analysis of the group. Late Paleozoic representatives, the Soleniscidae, are caenogastropods with an unornamented orthostrophic larval shell. The Meekospiridae have a smooth blunt protoconch of about two whorls. In contrast to previous interpretations, this protoconch is not heterostrophic or heterostrophy is not obvious. Therefore, a placement of the Meekospiridae with the genus Girtyspira in the Opisthobranchia is to be treated with caution. The new lanthinopsis-like genus Imogloba has a gobular subulitid-like teleoconch but its protoconch consists of a smooth first whorl which is loosely coiled and a larval shell with a characteristic non collabral ornament. Therefore, a close relationship between Soleniscidae and Imogloba is unlikely and the new family Imoglobidae is proposed. We found no clearly heterostrophic groups within the late Paleozoic subulitoid gastropods. The phylogenetic analysis of all subulitoid genera with known protoconchs provides little support for the monophyly of the Subulitoidea, particularly for a close relation between the Meekospiridae and the Soleniscidae. However, the Soleniscidae and Meekospiridae are probably monophyletic groups. Most genera are restricted to the Paleozoic, although several Mesozoic genera may hold descendants of Paleozoic Subulitoidea. Finally, a hypothesized link between Subulitoidea and Neogastropoda based on the presence of an anterior notch in both groups is unlikely.
12 - Copy number variation in monozygous twins
- from Part III - Single nucleotide polymorphisms, copy number variants, haplotypes and eQTLs
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- By Erwin Brosens, PhD student Pediatric Surgery & Clinical Genetics, K.G. Snoek, Department of Pediatric Surgery, D. Veenma, Department of Pediatric Surgery & Clinical Genetics, H. Eussen, Department of Clinical Genetics, D. Tibboel, Department of Pediatric Surgery, A. de Klein, Department of Clinical Genetics
- Edited by Krishnarao Appasani
- Foreword by Stephen W. Scherer, Peter M. Visscher
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- Book:
- Genome-Wide Association Studies
- Published online:
- 18 December 2015
- Print publication:
- 14 January 2016, pp 168-192
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Summary
Introduction
Microarray technology in GWAS and copy number variations
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are used to associate human disease and traits with a certain chromosomal locus or loci. This is done by whole-genome genotyping of many cases and controls using so-called tag-SNP probes containing a relative common SNP associated with a region in linkage disequilibrium (LD). If a certain tag-SNP has a statistically significant higher frequency in cases compared to controls, the studied trait or disease is said to be associated with that specific locus. This method has proven to be successful in many occasions (Hindorff et al., 2009; Manolio 2013) and has increased our knowledge of disease etiology and human development significantly. Genotyping has mainly been done using microarrays with up to several million allele-specific oligo-probes. These microarrays contain information on the relative amount of DNA at a given locus. Using both genotype and quantitative information, these SNP-based GWAS studies can be extended to include DNA gains or losses. These segmental variations in DNA copy number can arise de novo or be inherited in a Mendelian matter. Many of the characteristics of other types of genomic variation are shared: they can be ancestry-specific, are driven by selection pressure, and can influence the expression of genes by altering their copy number or affecting gene regulatory regions (Zhang et al., 2009; Schlattl et al., 2011). Losses can result in haploinsufficiency of one or several genes or truncated proteins, while gains can increase gene expression or can also lead to altered protein structure, reduced protein levels or function.
Copy number variation; common, rare, and de novo
Many gains and losses are rather common and most likely represent the normal population variance (Zhang et al., 2009; Stankiewicz and Lupski, 2010). These recurrent DNA variations have an allele frequency of over 1% and are called common copy number polymorphisms (CNPs). CNPs account for a significant proportion of the healthy human genome (Iafrate et al., 2004; Sebat et al., 2004). They often arise after non-allelic homologous recombination of misaligned DNA segments due to the presence of low copy repeats (Stankiewicz and Lupski, 2010). In general, common copy number variations (CNVs) are not associated with severe congenital anomalies, but could influence human traits such as height (van Duyvenvoorde et al., 2014), or aging (Iakoubov et al., 2013).
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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2 - Oxytocin and vasopressin release and their receptor-mediated intracellular pathways that determine their behavioral effects
- from Part I - Oxytocin and vasopressin systems
- Edited by Elena Choleris, University of Guelph, Ontario, Donald W. Pfaff, Rockefeller University, New York, Martin Kavaliers, University of Western Ontario
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- Oxytocin, Vasopressin and Related Peptides in the Regulation of Behavior
- Published online:
- 05 April 2013
- Print publication:
- 11 April 2013, pp 27-43
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List of contributors
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- By H. Elliott Albers, Reut Avinun, Karen L. Bales, Jorge A. Barraza, Michael T. Bowen, Sunny K. Boyd, Heather K. Caldwell, Elena Choleris, Amy E. Clipperton-Allen, Bruce S. Cushing, Monica B. Dhakar, Riccardo Dore, Richard P. Ebstein, Craig F. Ferris, Sara M. Freeman, James L. Goodson, Joshua J. Green, Haruhiro Higashida, Eric Hollander, Salomon Israel, Martin Kavaliers, Keith M. Kendrick, Ariel Knafo, Yoav Litvin, Olga Lopatina, David Mankuta, Iain S. McGregor, Richard H. Melloni, Inga D. Neumann, Jerome H. Pagani, Cort A. Pedersen, Donald W. Pfaff, Anna Phan, Benjamin J. Ragen, Amina Sarwat, Idan Shalev, Erica L. Stevenson, Bonnie Taylor, Richmond R. Thompson, Florina Uzefovsky, Erwin H. van den Burg, James C. Walton, Scott R. Wersinger, Nurit Yirmiya, Larry J. Young, W. Scott Young, Paul J. Zak
- Edited by Elena Choleris, University of Guelph, Ontario, Donald W. Pfaff, Rockefeller University, New York, Martin Kavaliers, University of Western Ontario
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- Oxytocin, Vasopressin and Related Peptides in the Regulation of Behavior
- Published online:
- 05 April 2013
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- 11 April 2013, pp xi-xiv
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in combat support hospitals in three regions of Iraq
- X.-Z. HUANG, D. M. CASH, M. A. CHAHINE, G. T. VAN HORN, D. P. ERWIN, J. T. McKAY, L. R. HAMILTON, K. H. JERKE, E.-M. A. CO, W. K. ALDOUS, E. P. LESHO, L. E. LINDLER, R. A. BOWDEN, M. P. NIKOLICH
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 139 / Issue 7 / July 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 August 2010, pp. 994-997
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Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of infections in deployed service members. Based on a molecular epidemiological study of 182 MRSA isolates from patients in three U.S. Army combat support hospitals in separate regions in Iraq, USA300 clone was the most predominant (80%) pulsotype. This finding suggested that strain carriage from the home country by military personnel is epidemiologically more important than local acquisition.
Alcohol energy intake and habitual physical activity in older adults
- Klaas R. Westerterp, Erwin P. Meijer, Annelies H. C. Goris, Arnold D. M. Kester
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 91 / Issue 1 / January 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 March 2007, pp. 149-152
- Print publication:
- January 2004
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Alcohol forms a significant component of many diets and it supplements rather than displaces daily energy intake. Surprisingly, alcohol intake does not systematically increase body weight. The present study assessed whether a higher level of habitual physical activity in the daily environment is associated with a higher alcohol intake. Alcohol intake as part of total food intake was measured with a 7 d dietary record while at the same time physical activity was monitored with a tri-axial accelerometer for movement registration. Subjects were twenty women and twenty-four men, aged 61±5 years, of BMI 27·1±4·6 kg/m2. Between subjects, there was a positive association between the level of habitual physical activity and alcohol intake (r 0·41; P<0·01). The subjects with higher alcohol intake had a higher activity level. On days with and days without alcohol consumption there was no difference in physical activity within subjects. In conclusion, it was shown that subjects with higher alcohol consumption are habitually more active. This may explain the lack of increasing body weight through additional energy intake from alcohol.
Accounting for the distributional impacts of policy in the green accounts
- RICHARD D. HORAN, JAMES HRUBOVCAK, JAMES S. SHORTLE, ERWIN H. BULTE
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- Journal:
- Environment and Development Economics / Volume 5 / Issue 1 / February 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2000, pp. 95-108
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Green income accounting models are designed to appropriately value changes in a country's natural resource (natural capital) base. However, green NNP is useful as a guide for domestic and international policy only to the extent that it accurately reflects the economic goals and policy options of policy makers. For example, international policy designed to slow natural capital depletion in a developing country is more effective if policy makers recognize the developing country's perceived income effects of the policy. Traditional green accounting models do not satisfy this criterion because they are based on the assumption that policy makers are either not concerned with the distributional consequences of policies, and/or are not limited in the instruments available to them. We present an alternative green NNP measure that reflects distributional goals and policy implementation. Using this measure, the depletion (accumulation) of natural capital stocks in excess of economically efficient rates may increase income.
Trophic level & evolution in Paleozoic gastropods
- Warren D. Allmon, Douglas H. Erwin, Robert M. Linsley, Paul J. Morris
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- Journal:
- The Paleontological Society Special Publications / Volume 6 / 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 July 2017, p. 3
- Print publication:
- 1992
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Although trophic position or level is one of the most basic aspects of a benthic marine species' ecology, its evolutionary significance remains obscure. Gastropods offer a suitable model for examining the relationship between trophic level and evolution since they exhibit a wide variety of trophic strategies and their mode of life is often reflected in their shell form. We examined 196 genera of Paleozoic gastropods (≈ 1/3 of known genera) for which first appearance and last appearance could be specified to stage level and for which trophic strategy could be inferred with a reasonable degree of confidence. We classified these genera into four trophic categories on the basis of shell characters relating to locomotion and clamping. These trophic categories are: Suspension feeders, Grazers on firm substrata, Soft substrate Grazers/Detritivores, and Carnivores. Suspension feeders are the most unambiguously recognizable category, marked by clear indicators of a sessile mode of life such as a radial apertures and planispiral shell forms. Our central observation from these data is that suspension feeders have shorter generic longevities than the other three trophic groups. This pattern is robust to a variety of methods of analysis. The mean generic longevity of the suspension feeders is 15 MY less than the other trophic categories. Cumulative frequency of genera within trophic categories versus log duration shows suspension feeders to be statisticaly significantly shorter lived than the other three trophic categories. The other three categories are not distinguishable. This pattern is unchanged by the removal of taxa dying out at mass extinctions. Suspension feeders have lower origination rates and higher extinction rates than the other trophic classes. This is not a taxonomic artifact produced by ornamentation and the number of characters available. This background pattern is also present in the end Ordovician and Late Devonian mass extinctions. Suspension feeders loose about half their genera in these extinctions, the two classes of grazers loose about 1/3 of their genera, and the carnivores suffer almost no extinctions. Suspension feeding appears to carry a significant evolutionary detriment in both mass extinctions and background times. This may be reflected in the change in trophic distribution of gastropods from the Ordovician to the Recent. The end Permian extinction shows a different pattern of selectivity; detritivores suffer the least.
Modifying the translabyrinthine approach to preserve hearing during acoustic tumour surgery
- John T. McElveen, Jr, Robert H. Wilkins, Andrea C. Erwin, Robert D. Wolford
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 105 / Issue 1 / January 1991
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 June 2007, pp. 34-37
- Print publication:
- January 1991
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Removing an acoustic schwannoma using the translabyrinthine approach has previously been considered incompatible with hearing preservation. By modifying the approach and preventing the loss of endolymph, we have successfully removed an intracanalicular acoustic schwannoma, which originated from the inferior vestibular nerve, and preserved hearing in the operated ear. This report represents the preliminary findings using this particular technique in the management of an intracanalicular acoustic tumour.
Thermal Reaction of Silane with Acetylene and The Thermal Decomposition of Ethynylsilane
- M. A. Ring, H. E. O'Neal, J. W. Erwin, D. S. Rogers
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 32 / 1984
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 February 2011, 383
- Print publication:
- 1984
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The volatile products from the thermal reaction (414°C) of silane in excess acetylene are hydrogen, ethylene, vinylsilane, ethynylsilane, vinylethynylsilane (possibly divinylsilane) and ethynyl-divinylsilane (1,2). We have reexamined this reaction using a 3 C2 H2/1 SiH4 reaction mixture and have obtained product yield curves for these products versus percent silane loss. We have also found that product curves are unaffected when propylene at pressures equal to that of acetylene is also present. Since only trace quantities of propylsilane are produced in the presence of propylene, we can rule out reactions involving silyl radicals. Thus the SiH4−C2H2 reaction involves silylene and silene intermediates. The products can be explained by a mechanism similar to one proposed by Barton and Burns (3).