I.B.M. tabulating equipment can be of considerable help in reducing the time and increasing the accuracy of multiple factor analysis, even if used for only a part of the calculations. Once the plugboard is wired and those cards punched which are used over and over again, problems involving any number of variables can be handled with dispatch. The correlation matrix is listed, the totals verified, and the signs changed on the tabulator. Then the factors and the residual coefficients are calculated by means of a calculator. Tucker's procedure has been modified by using a calculator instead of a multiplying punch, by reducing the number of cards used, by simplifying checks on calculations, by simplifying plugboard wiring, and by preparing work sheets on tabulator paper. Extraction of factors from 24 variables at the rate of one in four hour's time seems to justify the use of the tabulating equipment on small problems.

The role of diet in the prevention and management of menopausal symptoms is poorly understood1,2. Digital health platforms have the potential to optimise collection of population-level menopause symptom data particularly in a rapidly changing environment2,3. This study explored the prevalence of menopause symptoms utilising data collection capabilities of a mobile app in a large population of peri- and postmenopausal women and to investigate novel associations between diet quality and symptoms.

Baseline data on diet, 20 menopause symptoms (i.e. 3 vasomotor, 3 sexual, 4 psychological and 10 somatic) and other characteristics of 70,412 participants of the ZOE PREDICT 3 app-based study in UK (n = 27,932 peri- and n = 42,480 postmenopausal) were analysed (NCT04735835). Dietary assessment was performed through an app-based food frequency questionnaire (PREDICTFFQ)4 and diet quality assessed using the Healthy Eating Index-2020 (HEI, score 0-100)5.

The burden of menopausal symptomatology was high; with 99.8% and 92.7% of peri- and postmenopausal participants reporting 1 or more symptoms respectively and 66.0% and 41.2% of peri- and postmenopausal participants experiencing >12 symptoms, respectively (P<0.001). Mean ( ±SD) symptom number was greater in the peri- versus postmenopausal group; 13.5±3.8, vs. 10.5±5.5 (P<0.001). HEI (mean±SD) was slightly lower in the peri- versus postmenopausal group; 73.9±9.7 vs. 76.6±8.9 respectively (P<0.001). Logistic regression analyses showed that a 20 unit increase in HEI was associated with reduction of 6%-37% and 12%-43% in likelihood of symptom presence (dependent on the symptom) in peri- and postmenopausal participants, respectively (P<0.05). ORs remained significant in adjusted models (for age, BMI, use of hormone replacement therapy, total energy intake and home environment (urban, rural) showing reductions of 7%-19% and 6-21%, respectively (P<0.05). Logistic regression analyses revealed that a similar increase in HEI (20 units) was associated with 17% and 19% reductions in the number of symptoms reported by peri- and postmenopausal women after multiple adjustments (P<0.05).

This large observational study confirms the high prevalence of menopausal symptoms among peri- and postmenopausal women and provides new evidence between adherence to healthy eating and reduced likelihood of menopausal symptoms, increasing the potential for symptom reduction by specific dietary approaches. Further studies should examine this relationship in longitudinal and dietary intervention settings.

Digital health technologies delivering dietary and lifestyle advice1,2 may offer a contemporary approach to menopause symptom mitigation in a large population base3. This study aimed to evaluate alterations in both diet quality and menopause symptom burden following the implementation of an app-based, personalised dietary intervention in peri- and postmenopausal participants.

Baseline and follow-up data (mean follow-up time, 207 ± 72 days) on diet, menopause symptom number (from 20 vasomotor, sexual, psychological and somatic symptoms), symptom severity (0-not at all, 1-a little, 3-quite a bit and 5-extremely) and other characteristics of 4,287 UK based participants of the ZOE PREDICT 3 study (1,000 perimenopausal and 3,287 postmenopausal) were analysed (NCT04735835). Dietary assessment was performed through an app-based food frequency questionnaire (PREDICT-FFQ)2 and diet quality assessed using the Healthy Eating Index-2020 (HEI, score 0-100)4. A novel Menopause Symptom Tracker Score (MSTS 0-100, Copyright © 2024 Zoe Limited) was used to capture symptom number and severity.

There was a modest increase in diet quality after the intervention in both peri- and postmenopausal participants; mean HEI from 76.4 ± 8.4 to 79.7 ± 6.8 (P<0.001) and from 78.7 ± 7.8 to 81.1 ± 6.4 (P<0.001), respectively. Baseline MSTS was higher in peri- versus postmenopausal participants 28.9 ± 15.1 vs. 18.1 ± 15.0 (P<0.001). However, both groups showed a significant decrease in mean MSTS after the intervention compared to baseline; mean change (95%CI) in perimenopausal was -8.7 (-9.5, -7.9; 30.1% reduction) and in postmenopausal was -6.6 (-6.9, -6.2; 36.5% reduction) (P for both <0.001).

The reduction in the overall MSTS was greater in perimenopausal compared to postmenopausal (P<0.001). Reductions in domain-specific MSTS for peri- and postmenopausal groups respectively, were as follows: vasomotor −0.56 (−0.71, −0.40; 24.9% reduction) and −0.47 (−0.54, −0.41; 31.8% reduction), sexual −0.72 (−0.87, −0.57; 18.6%) and -1.08 (-1.16, −0.99; 28.7%), psychological -2.3 (-2.5, 2.0; 35.0%) and -1.2 (-1.3, -1.1; 44.2%), somatic -5.1 (-5.6, -4.7; 31.5%) and -3.8 (-4.0, -3.6; 37.5%) (P for all <0.001). The reduction in the psychological and somatic domain-specific MSTS was greater in peri-compared to postmenopausal group (P for both <0.001).

This study supports the potential of personalised app-based dietary interventions in the mitigation of menopausal symptoms during menopause transition and its potential to affect the health and quality of life of millions. Further studies should investigate their efficacy in a randomised, controlled dietary intervention setting.

The spatial distribution of in situ sessile organisms, including those from the fossil record, provides information about life histories, such as possible dispersal and/or settlement mechanisms, and how taxa interact with one another and their local environments. At Nilpena Ediacara National Park (NENP), South Australia, the exquisite preservation and excavation of 33 fossiliferous bedding planes from the Ediacara Member of the Rawnsley Quartzite reveals in situ communities of the Ediacara Biota. Here, the spatial distributions of three relatively common taxa, Tribrachidium, Rugoconites, and Obamus, occurring on excavated surfaces were analyzed using spatial point pattern analysis. Tribrachidium have a variable spatial distribution, implying that settlement or post-settlement conditions/preferences had an effect on populations. Rugoconites display aggregation, possibly related to their reproductive methods in combination with settlement location availability at the time of dispersal and/or settlement. Additionally, post-settlement environmental controls could have affected Rugoconites on other surfaces, resulting in lower populations and densities. Both Tribrachidium and Rugoconites also commonly occur as individuals or in low numbers on a number of beds, thus constraining possible reproductive strategies and environmental/substrate preferences. The distribution of Obamus is consistent with selective settlement, aggregating near conspecifics and on substrates of mature microbial mat. This dispersal process is the first example of substrate-selective dispersal among the Ediacara Biota, thus making Obamus similar to numerous modern sessile invertebrates with similar dispersal and settlement strategies.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The goal of this study was to understand the impact of a high sodium diet on gene networks in the kidney that correlate with blood pressure in female primates, and translating findings to women. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Sodium-naïve female baboons (n=7) were fed a low-sodium (LS) diet for 6 weeks followed by a high sodium (HS) diet for 6 weeks. Sodium intake, serum 17 beta-estradiol, and ultrasound-guided kidney biopsies for RNA-Seq were collected at the end of each diet. Blood pressure was continuously measured for 64-hour periods throughout the study by implantable telemetry devices. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis was performed on RNA-Seq data to identify transcripts correlated with blood pressure on each diet. Network analysis was performed on transcripts highly correlated with BP, and in silico findings were validated by immunohistochemistry of kidney tissues. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: On the LS diet, Na+ intake and serum 17 beta-estradiol concentration correlated with BP. Cell type composition of renal biopsies was consistent among all animals for both diets. Kidney transcriptomes differed by diet; analysis by unbiased weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed modules of genes correlated with BP on the HS diet. Network analysis of module genes showed causal networks linking hormone receptors, proliferation and differentiation, methylation, hypoxia, insulin and lipid regulation, and inflammation as regulators underlying variation in BP on the HS diet. Our results show variation in BP correlated with novel kidney gene networks with master regulators PPARG and MYC in female baboons on a HS diet. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Previous studies in primates to identify molecular networks dysregulated by HS diet focused on males. Current clinical guidelines do not offer sex-specific treatment plans for sodium sensitive hypertension. This study leveraged variation in BP as a first step to identify correlated kidney regulatory gene networks in female primates after a HS diet.

There are numerous examples of translational science innovations addressing challenges in the translational process, accelerating progress along the translational spectrum, and generating solutions relevant to a wide range of human health needs. Examining these successes through an education lens can identify core principles and effective practices that lead to successful translational outcomes. The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) is identifying and teaching these core principles and practices to a broad audience via online courses in translational science which teach from case studies of NCATS-led or supported research initiatives. In this paper, we share our approach to the design of these courses and offer a detailed description of our initial course, which focused on a preclinical drug discovery and development project spanning academic and government settings. Course participants were from a variety of career stages and institutions. Participants rated the course high in overall value to them and in providing a unique window into the translational science process. We share our model for course development as well as initial findings from the course evaluation with the goal of continuing to stimulate development of novel education activities teaching foundational principles in translational science to a broad audience.

The first demonstration of laser action in ruby was made in 1960 by T. H. Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories, USA. Many laboratories worldwide began the search for lasers using different materials, operating at different wavelengths. In the UK, academia, industry and the central laboratories took up the challenge from the earliest days to develop these systems for a broad range of applications. This historical review looks at the contribution the UK has made to the advancement of the technology, the development of systems and components and their exploitation over the last 60 years.

Feeding cattle with on-pasture supplementation or feedlot diets can increase animal efficiency and system profitability while minimizing environmental impacts. However, cattle system profit margins are relatively small and nutrient supply accounts for most of the costs. This paper introduces a nonlinear profit-maximizing diet formulation problem for beef cattle based on well-established predictive equations. Nonlinearity in predictive equations for nutrient requirements poses methodological challenges in the application of optimization techniques. In contrast to other widely used diet formulation methods, we develop a mathematical model that guarantees an exact solution for maximum profit diet formulations. Our method can efficiently solve an often-impractical nonlinear problem by solving a finite number of linear problems, that is, linear time complexity is achieved through parametric linear programming. Results show the impacts of choosing different objective functions (minimizing cost, maximizing profit and maximizing profit per daily weight gain) and how this may lead to different optimal solutions. In targeting improved ration formulation on feedlot systems, this paper demonstrates how profitability and nutritional constraints can be met as an important part of a sustainable intensification production strategy.

Fig. 1

[Improvement in daily accessible risk assessments]

We show enhanced patient safety through a quality improvement methodology project in an intensive psychiatric care unit of a psychiatric hospital in southwest of Scotland. This is a project as part of the national patient safety programme in mental health. The Scottish Patient Safety Programme for Mental Health aims to systematically reduce harm experienced by people using mental health services in Scotland, by supporting frontline staff to test, gather real-time data and reliably implement interventions, before spreading across their catchment area.

Multidisciplinary staff worked together in improving recording of daily electronic and paper based risk assessments from a baseline of 20% to nearly 100% over a sixth month period. We expect better quality risk management by readily accessible risk assessments and safe practise through enhanced safety perception by the patients as well as staff. Patient and staff safety perception tools were designed to measure impact of improvement in risk management. We have seen drop in the number of critical incidents and challenging situations requiring restraint following coordinated approach to risk assessment and easy access to key information. We have been successful as the frontline staff became part of the process of change and this has enabled sustained improvement.

This has been removed as it was published accidentally. The authors listed wish it to be known that this article was not presented at the conference for which this volume is the proceedings.

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Introduction: Quality improvement and patient safety (QIPS) are increasingly recognized as integral to the provision and advancement of emergency medicine (EM) care. In 2015, QIPS were added to the Canadian Medical Education Directives for Specialists (CanMEDS) framework. However, the level of QIPS education and support that Canadian EM residents receive is unknown. In order to better plan national QIPS efforts aimed at enabling EM residents to improve their local care settings, we sought to assess the current state of QIPS education and support in Canadian EM residency programs. Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional electronic survey that was disseminated to all current Canadian EM residents from both Royal College (RC) and Family Medicine - EM training streams. Residents were recruited either directly or through their program's administrative assistant. The survey consisted of multiple-choice, Likert and free-text entry questions. Themes included a) familiarity with QIPS; b) local opportunities for QIPS projects and mentorship; and c) desire for further QIPS education and involvement. The survey was open for a five-week period, with formal reminders after the first and third weeks. Descriptive statistics are reported. Results: 189 (35%) of 535 current EM residents completed the survey, representing all 17 medical schools. 77% of respondents were from the RC stream. 54.7% of respondents reported being “somewhat” or “very” familiar with QIPS. 47.2% of respondents reported “not knowing” or “not having readily available” QIPS projects to participate in their local environment, and 51.5% had equivalent responses with respect to QIPS mentorship opportunities. Only 17.5% of respondents reported that QIPS methodologies were already formally taught in their residency program, and 66.9% indicated a desire for increased QIPS teaching. The majority of respondents were “slightly” (35.9%), “moderately” (23.2%) or “very” (11.3%) interested in becoming involved with QIPS training and initiatives. Conclusion: Responding Canadian EM residents are interested in obtaining greater QIPS education as well as project and mentorship opportunities, but many perceive that they do not have adequate access to these at the current time. As the importance of QIPS increases in the EM community, supporting residents with more robust educational infrastructures may be necessary. Future efforts may include the standardizing of QIPS postgraduate curricula and improving access to QIPS opportunities across the country.