A new formulation of pyroxasulfone + encapsulated saflufenacil has been developed. Combining these two herbicides extends the application window to early postemergence. Pyroxasulfone, saflufenacil (suspension concentrate), and pyroxasulfone + encapsulated saflufenacil (microcapsule suspension) were applied to corn preemergence and evaluated for corn injury, corn yield, and visible weed control; in addition, the interaction (antagonistic, additive, or synergistic) was ascertained for each parameter. Six field trials were conducted at three locations in southwestern Ontario in 2022 and 2023. Pyroxasulfone was applied at 90, 120, and 150 g ai ha−1; saflufenacil was applied at 56, 75, and 95 g ai ha−1; and pyroxasulfone + encapsulated saflufenacil was applied at 146, 195, 245 g ai ha−1, equal to the combined rates of pyroxasulfone and saflufenacil. All pyroxasulfone, encapsulated saflufenacil, and pyroxasulfone + encapsulated saflufenacil treatments caused no corn injury. Weed control varied based on application rate and weed species. Reduced weed interference with pyroxasulfone + encapsulated saflufenacil at 195 and 245 g ai ha−1 resulted in corn yield that was similar to the weed-free control and the industry standard of S-metolachlor/atrazine/mesotrione/bicyclopyrone. The interaction between pyroxasulfone and encapsulated saflufenacil for weed control was additive.

In this article, we analyse how anti-globalist conspiracy theories were mobilised online to delegitimise national authorities and policies designed to curb the Covid-19 pandemic in Canada. These conspiracy theories attacked the political authority underpinning public health measures and targeted purportedly ‘liberal’ policies and ‘globalist’ actors. Our case study examines the Freedom Convoy, a series of protests against Covid-19 vaccine mandates that began in Canada but inspired global demonstrations. The Freedom Convoy fostered and relied upon anti-globalist conspiracy theories, including the ‘Great Reset’ and ‘Great Replacement’, both of which posit a global conspiracy to erode national sovereignty and impose a ‘liberal’ international order. We investigate far-right social media commentary from 4chan’s Politically Incorrect imageboard /pol/, Infowars, and Rebel News, showing how conspiratorial claims were marshalled in alt-tech spaces. These narratives were used to delegitimise public health measures to combat Covid-19 and the Liberal Trudeau government by linking them to various ‘globalist’ forces. In exploring three mechanisms of delegitimation – externalisation, personification, and Othering – we argue that far-right movements like the Freedom Convoy, motivated by anti-globalist conspiracism, mobilise the international realm by leveraging the legitimacy gap of international organisations and agendas to undermine the political authority of actors at the national level.

We assume that a judge's task is to categorize each of N subjects into one of r known classes. The design of primary interest is employed if the judge is presented with s groups, each containing r subjects, such that each group of size r consists of exactly one subject of each of the r types. The probability distribution for the total number of correct choices is developed and used to test the null hypothesis that the judge is “guessing” in favor of the alternative that he or she is operating at a better than chance level. The power of the procedure is shown to be superior to two other procedures which appear in the literature.