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6 results

  • Predicting the diagnosis of autism in adults using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire

  • K. L. Ashwood, N. Gillan, J. Horder, H. Hayward, E. Woodhouse, F. S. McEwen, J. Findon, H. Eklund, D. Spain, C. E. Wilson, T. Cadman, S. Young, V. Stoencheva, C. M. Murphy, D. Robertson, T. Charman, P. Bolton, K. Glaser, P. Asherson, E. Simonoff, D. G. Murphy
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 46 / Issue 12 / September 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    29 June 2016, pp. 2595-2604
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  • Background

    Many adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain undiagnosed. Specialist assessment clinics enable the detection of these cases, but such services are often overstretched. It has been proposed that unnecessary referrals to these services could be reduced by prioritizing individuals who score highly on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), a self-report questionnaire measure of autistic traits. However, the ability of the AQ to predict who will go on to receive a diagnosis of ASD in adults is unclear.

    Method

    We studied 476 adults, seen consecutively at a national ASD diagnostic referral service for suspected ASD. We tested AQ scores as predictors of ASD diagnosis made by expert clinicians according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 criteria, informed by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G) and Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) assessments.

    Results

    Of the participants, 73% received a clinical diagnosis of ASD. Self-report AQ scores did not significantly predict receipt of a diagnosis. While AQ scores provided high sensitivity of 0.77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72–0.82] and positive predictive value of 0.76 (95% CI 0.70–0.80), the specificity of 0.29 (95% CI 0.20–0.38) and negative predictive value of 0.36 (95% CI 0.22–0.40) were low. Thus, 64% of those who scored below the AQ cut-off were ‘false negatives’ who did in fact have ASD. Co-morbidity data revealed that generalized anxiety disorder may ‘mimic’ ASD and inflate AQ scores, leading to false positives.

    Conclusions

    The AQ's utility for screening referrals was limited in this sample. Recommendations supporting the AQ's role in the assessment of adult ASD, e.g. UK NICE guidelines, may need to be reconsidered.

  • Two outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 infection associated with the consumption of fresh shell-egg products

  • J.M. Cowden, D. Chisholm, M. O'Mahony, D. Lynch, S. L. Mawer, G. E. Spain, L. Ward, B. Rowe
  • Journal:
    Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 103 / Issue 1 / August 1989
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    15 May 2009, pp. 47-52
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  • In 1988 there were two outbreaks of infection with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in adjacent local authorities. The first affected 18 of 75 helpers and guests who attended a private function. Investigations revealed that home-made vanilla ice-cream containing uncooked eggs was the vehicle of infection and the causative organism was identified at the premises of the egg producer. The second affected 84 of 422 delegates attending a conference dinner, and 12 of 50 hotel staff at risk. A dessert made with lightly-cooked egg yolk and raw egg white was associated with infection, and the epidemic strain was cultured from the shell of an egg and an environmental sample from the producer's farm. It is of interest that one outbreak involved free-range and one battery-produced eggs, and that in one the vehicle was prepared at home and in the other in commercial premises. In neither incident was any deficiency in standards of egg production or catering practice discovered.

  • Potassium-Depleted Muscovite. Part I. Preparation Using Filtration Process for Treatment with Molten Lithium Nitrate

  • R. D. Bronson, J. M. Spain, J. L. White
  • Journal:
    Clays and clay minerals (National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals) / Volume 8 / February 1959
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 January 2024, pp. 39-43
    Print publication:
    February 1959
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  • The reaction between molten lithium nitrate and muscovite does not go to completion in a single treatment because of the equilibrium restriction imposed by the presence of potassium in the melt. An apparatus consisting of a stainless steel vessel with a porous stainless steel filter, valve and vacuum connections was designed to eliminate this restriction and to provide for more complete removal of the equilibrium melt in each successive treatment.

    Macroscopic swelling of the muscovite in the molten lithium nitrate was observed after prolonged treatment. x-Ray diffraction examination of samples of solidified melt revealed intracrystalline swelling in the muscovite.