This paper reports the methods and preliminary findings of Germina, an ongoing cohort study to identify biomarkers and trajectories of executive functions and language development in the first 3 years of life. 557 mother-infant dyads (mean age of mothers 33.7 years, 65.2% white, 48.7% male infants) have undergone baseline and are currently collecting data for other timepoints. A linear regression was used to predict baseline Bayley-III using scores derived from data-driven sparse partial least squares utilizing a multiple holdout framework of 15 domains. Significant associations were found between socioeconomic/demographic characteristics (B = 0.29), epigenetics (B = 0.11), EEG theta (B = 0.14) and beta activity (B = 0.11), and microbiome functional pathways (B = 0.08) domains, and infant development measured by the Bayley-III at T1, suggesting potential interventions to prevent impairments.

Psychologists and psychological research have shaped sleep and circadian science for over a century. Yet, psychology has not fully embraced sleep as a core area of inquiry, and sleep medicine has not distinctly acknowledged the foundational role psychology plays in understanding sleep and circadian rhythms. This Question Paper invites submissions exploring psychology’s profound impact on the study, measurement and intervention strategies in sleep and circadian science, as well as reciprocal influences. Manuscripts may include historiographies of key contributors, laboratory milestones, theoretical advancements and methodological innovations within a historical context. We aim to capture the full scope of sleep psychology from its origins to a vision of its future.

Most studies aiming to quantify carbon stocks in tropical forests have focused on aboveground biomass, omitting carbon in soils and woody debris. Here, we quantified carbon stocks in soils up to 3 m depth, woody debris, and aboveground and belowground tree biomass for the 25-ha Amacayacu Forests Dynamics plot in the northwestern Amazon. Including soils to 3 m depth, total carbon stocks averaged 358.9 ± 24.2 Mg C ha−1, of which soils contributed 53%, biomass 44.2%, and woody debris 2.7%. When only including soils to 0.5 m depth, carbon stocks diminished to 222.1 Mg C ha−1 and biomass became the largest contributor. Among 1-ha subplots, total carbon stocks were correlated with soil carbon stocks at ≥0.5 m depth, belowground biomass of all trees, and aboveground biomass of trees ≥60 cm DBH. Our results support the assumption of biomass as the likely largest carbon source associated with land use change in northwestern Amazonia. However, mining and erosion following land use change could also promote a significant release of carbon from soil, the largest carbon stock. To improve the global carbon balance, we need to better quantify total carbon stocks and dynamics in tropical forests beyond aboveground biomass.

In [CDD22], we investigated the structure of $\ast $-isomorphisms between von Neumann algebras $L(\Gamma )$ associated with graph product groups $\Gamma $ of flower-shaped graphs and property (T) wreath-like product vertex groups, as in [CIOS21]. In this follow-up, we continue the structural study of these algebras by establishing that these graph product groups $\Gamma $ are entirely recognizable from the category of all von Neumann algebras arising from an arbitrary nontrivial graph product group with infinite vertex groups. A sharper $C^*$-algebraic version of this statement is also obtained. In the process of proving these results, we also extend the main $W^*$-superrigidity result from [CIOS21] to direct products of property (T) wreath-like product groups.

Insomnia’s impact on psychological functioning is known to increase suicide risk. The underlying mechanisms of this association are unclear. This study explored psychological factors including depression, emotion dysregulation, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness as possible mechanisms in the association between insomnia and suicidal ideation in a nationally representative sample for age, sex and race in the United States. Participants (N = 428) completed a Qualtrics survey of demographics, Insomnia Severity Index, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire, Frequency of Suicidal Ideation Inventory and PROMIS-Depression and PROMIS-Anxiety short forms. Regression analyses and structural equation modeling were used. Insomnia severity was associated with greater suicidality (p < 0.001, CI = 0.19–0.31). When accounting for depression severity, emotion dysregulation and perceived burdensomeness fully mediated insomnia–suicidal ideation frequency association (β = 0.04, p = 0.045; β = 0.24, p < 0.001). Insomnia has major implications on psychological functioning, which may serve as mechanisms through which insomnia confers risk for suicidality. Our model posits that insomnia prevents regional sleep restoration in brain regions involved in psychological functioning, thereby conferring risk for suicidality. Insomnia may be an ideal upstream target for reducing suicidality and its risk factors, including depression, emotion dysregulation and perceived burdensomeness.

We present high-resolution observations of nearby ($z\lesssim0.1$) galaxies that have hosted Type Ia supernovae to measure systemic spectroscopic redshifts using the wide field spectrograph (WiFeS) instrument on the Australian National University 2.3 m telescope at Siding Spring Observatory. While most of the galaxies targeted have previous spectroscopic redshifts, we provide demonstrably more accurate and precise redshifts with competitive uncertainties, motivated by potential systematic errors that could bias estimates of the Hubble constant ($H_0$). The WiFeS instrument is remarkably stable; after calibration, the wavelength solution varies by $\lesssim$0.5 Å in red and blue with no evidence of a trend over the course of several years. By virtue of the $25\times 38$ arcsec field of view, we are always able to measure the redshift of the galactic core, or the entire galaxy in the cases where its angular extent is smaller than the field of view, reducing any errors due to galaxy rotation. We observed 185 southern SN Ia host galaxies and measured the redshift of each via at least one spatial region of (a) the core and (b) the average over the full-field/entire galaxy. Overall, we find stochastic differences between historical redshifts and our measured redshifts on the order of $\lesssim10^{-3}$ with a mean offset of 4.3${\times 10^{-5}}$ and normalised median absolute deviation of 1.2${\times 10^{-4}}$. We show that a systematic redshift offset at this level is not enough to bias cosmology, as $H_0$ shifts by $+0.1$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$ when we replace Pantheon+ redshifts with our own, but the occasional large differences are interesting to note.

A surge of Mittie Glacier, a 50 km-long tidewater outlet glacier of Manson Icefield, occurred between approximately 1992 and 2007. Velocities increased slowly at first, but then increased rapidly to reach a peak of 4800 m a−1 in early 1996, the highest ever reported for a glacier in the Canadian Arctic. The surge initiated at the terminus and propagated up-glacier, with a maximum terminus advance of 7.3 km between 1994 and 1999. The surge was almost entirely restricted to the lower ~30 km of the glacier, in a region which radio-echo sounding shows to be grounded below sea level. A 3 km-wide crevasse with a 150 m opening occurred at the separation between faster moving ice downstream and slower moving ice upstream. Surge initiation appears to have been triggered by flotation of the lower terminus, caused by long-term thinning of this region during quiescence.

The personalised oncology paradigm remains challenging to deliver despite technological advances in genomics-based identification of actionable variants combined with the increasing focus of drug development on these specific targets. To ensure we continue to build concerted momentum to improve outcomes across all cancer types, financial, technological and operational barriers need to be addressed. For example, complete integration and certification of the ‘molecular tumour board’ into ‘standard of care’ ensures a unified clinical decision pathway that both counteracts fragmentation and is the cornerstone of evidence-based delivery inside and outside of a research setting. Generally, integrated delivery has been restricted to specific (common) cancer types either within major cancer centres or small regional networks. Here, we focus on solutions in real-world integration of genomics, pathology, surgery, oncological treatments, data from clinical source systems and analysis of whole-body imaging as digital data that can facilitate cost-effectiveness analysis, clinical trial recruitment, and outcome assessment. This urgent imperative for cancer also extends across the early diagnosis and adjuvant treatment interventions, individualised cancer vaccines, immune cell therapies, personalised synthetic lethal therapeutics and cancer screening and prevention. Oncology care systems worldwide require proactive step-changes in solutions that include inter-operative digital working that can solve patient centred challenges to ensure inclusive, quality, sustainable, fair and cost-effective adoption and efficient delivery. Here we highlight workforce, technical, clinical, regulatory and economic challenges that prevent the implementation of precision oncology at scale, and offer a systematic roadmap of integrated solutions for standard of care based on minimal essential digital tools. These include unified decision support tools, quality control, data flows within an ethical and legal data framework, training and certification, monitoring and feedback. Bridging the technical, operational, regulatory and economic gaps demands the joint actions from public and industry stakeholders across national and global boundaries.

The aim of the present study was to report canid attacks on sea turtles in northeastern Brazil. The study was conducted on the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin coastline between March 2010 and October 2019. Injured-stranded sea turtles or carcasses were recorded through systematic beach monitoring. The specimens were submitted for clinical or postmortem assessments, providing evidence for the identification of injuries caused by canids. In the study period, 9841 stranded sea turtles were recorded, with the diagnosis of canid attacks in 55 (0.55%) events. Lepidochelys olivacea was the species with the largest number of events (90.90%), followed by Chelonia mydas (7.27%), and Caretta caretta (1.81%). The attacked sea turtles were clinically healthy, with a good body score and no apparent diseases; most were in the reproductive stage. The injuries were mainly found on the front flippers, with considerable loss of musculature affecting the brachial plexus, with the rupture of large blood vessels, and in some cases, exposure of the humerus or oesophagus. Thus, these events hampered the reproductive cycle, limiting the egg-laying process and preventing the hatching of hundreds of new turtles. Therefore, mitigating measures should be implemented, addressing the consequences of abandoning pets and their unsupervised presence on beaches.

This collectively authored article argues for a regional turn in the historical study of transnational activism. By considering not only pan-regional movements but also examples of borderland contexts, transregional connections and diasporic understandings of ‘region’, our discussion identifies fresh possibilities for investigating the evolution and functioning of transnational activism. Based on a Royal Historical Society-funded workshop held at and supported by Northumbria University, the article brings together insights from diverse locations and arenas of contestation. The first part considers literatures on three macro-regional settings – South Asia, Western Europe and Latin America – to illustrate the importance of distinctive regional contexts and constructs in shaping transnational activism and its goals. The second part turns to case studies of transnational activism in and beyond Eastern Europe, West Africa, the Caribbean and East Asia. In doing so, it explores very different notions of the regional to identify how transnational activism has both shaped and been shaped by these ideas. Taken together, the two parts highlight the role of regional identities and projects in challenging inequalities and external domination. Our analysis and examples indicate the possibilities of a regionally rooted approach for writing histories of transnational activism.

Gaps in the implementation of effective interventions impact nearly all cancer prevention and control strategies in the US including Massachusetts. To close these implementation gaps, evidence-based interventions must be rapidly and equitably implemented in settings serving racially, ethnically, socioeconomically, and geographically diverse populations. This paper provides a brief overview of The Implementation Science Center for Cancer Control Equity (ISCCCE) and describes how we have operationalized our commitment to a robust community-engaged center that aims to close these gaps. We describe how ISCCCE is organized and how the principles of community-engaged research are embedded across the center. Principles of community engagement have been operationalized across all components of ISCCCE. We have intentionally integrated these principles throughout all structures and processes and have developed evaluation strategies to assess whether the quality of our partnerships reflects the principles. ISCCCE is a comprehensive community-engaged infrastructure for studying efficient, pragmatic, and equity-focused implementation and adaptation strategies for cancer prevention in historically and currently disadvantaged communities with built-in methods to evaluate the quality of community engagement. This engaged research center is designed to maximize the impact and relevance of implementation research on cancer control in community health centers.

We provide an overview of diagnostic stewardship with key concepts that include the diagnostic pathway and the multiple points where interventions can be implemented, strategies for interventions, the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration, and key microbiologic diagnostic tests that should be considered for diagnostic stewardship. The document focuses on microbiologic laboratory testing for adult and pediatric patients and is intended for a target audience of healthcare workers involved in diagnostic stewardship interventions and all workers affected by any step of the diagnostic pathway (ie, ordering, collecting, processing, reporting, and interpreting results of a diagnostic test). This document was developed by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Diagnostic Stewardship Taskforce.

Policies that promote conversion of antibiotics from intravenous to oral route administration are considered “low hanging fruit” for hospital antimicrobial stewardship programs. We developed a simple metric based on digestive days of therapy divided by total days of therapy for targeted agents and a method for hospital comparisons. External comparisons may help identify opportunities for improving prospective implementation.

Prenatal glucocorticoid overexposure causes adult metabolic dysfunction in several species but its effects on adult mitochondrial function remain largely unknown. Using respirometry, this study examined mitochondrial substrate metabolism of fetal and adult ovine biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles after cortisol infusion before birth. Physiological increases in fetal cortisol concentrations pre-term induced muscle- and substrate-specific changes in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity in adulthood. These changes were accompanied by muscle-specific alterations in protein content, fibre composition and abundance of the mitochondrial electron transfer system (ETS) complexes. In adult ST, respiration using palmitoyl-carnitine and malate was increased after fetal cortisol treatment but not with other substrate combinations. There were also significant increases in protein content and reductions in the abundance of all four ETS complexes, but not ATP synthase, in the ST of adults receiving cortisol prenatally. In adult BF, intrauterine cortisol treatment had no effect on protein content, respiratory rates, ETS complex abundances or ATP synthase. Activity of citrate synthase, a marker of mitochondrial content, was unaffected by intrauterine treatment in both adult muscles. In the ST but not BF, respiratory rates using all substrate combinations were significantly lower in the adults than fetuses, predominantly in the saline-infused controls. The ontogenic and cortisol-induced changes in mitochondrial function were, therefore, more pronounced in the ST than BF muscle. Collectively, the results show that fetal cortisol overexposure programmes mitochondrial substrate metabolism in specific adult muscles with potential consequences for adult metabolism and energetics.