Background: Measurement of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) competency is often resource intensive. A popular emerging alternative to independent observers’ ratings is using other perspectives for rating competency. Aims: This pilot study compared ratings of CBT competency from four perspectives – patient, therapist, supervisor and independent observer using the Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS). Method: Patients (n = 12, 75% female, mean age 30.5 years) and therapists (n = 5, female, mean age 26.6 years) completed the CTS after therapy sessions, and clinical supervisor and independent observers rated recordings of the same session. Results: Analyses of variance revealed that therapist average CTS competency ratings were not different from supervisor ratings, and supervisor ratings were not different from independent observer ratings; however, therapist ratings were higher than independent observer ratings and patient ratings were higher than all other raters. Conclusions: Raters differed in competency ratings. Implications for potential use and adaptation of CBT competency measurement methods to enhance training and implementation are discussed.

Field trials were conducted to compare on-site visual evaluations with color-infrared photography (CIR), and near-infrared (NIR) videography (video) and hand-held radiometry (HHR) for detecting and mapping dicamba injury in cotton. CIR, video, and HHR detected 48%, 42% and 36%, respectively, of the injured crop area as defined by visual evaluation (injury ratings >0 on a scale of 0 to 9). The remote techniques were unable to differentiate crop injury that did not involve the entire plant canopy. Reflectance measurements in the visible red (R) (630–690 nm) and NIR (760–900 nm) wavelengths were taken and used in herbicide dosage prediction equations. Predicted herbicide dosages were significantly, positively correlated (P≤0.01) with physical measures of herbicide present. These studies suggest that remote detection and mapping of moderate and severe herbicide injury is possible. Further, NIR videography, with near-real-time capability and low cost may be the system of choice for this type of application.

Cellana ampla n. sp. from late Eocene rocks in Oregon is the first New World record of a genus and family heretofore considered to have radiated in Australia and the mid-Pacific. Re-examination of some other Eocene limpets from the Pacific Northwest reveals that species previously assigned to Acmaea belong in Patelloida and Siphonaria. Thus, all three major components of the modern Australian limpet guild were present in the late Eocene of western North America along a coastline occupied today by acmaeid limpet guilds. Re-examination of a large Pliocene ‘Patella’ from South America shows the shell structure of a Cellana and constitutes a second documentation of a large nacellid limpet in the New World Tertiary.

Although the taxonomy of modern limpets is founded on anatomical characters, shell structure characters are sufficient to identify genera and families directly in the fossil record. Re-evaluation and reclassification of fossil limpets using shell structure contributes not only to a better understanding of the phylogeny of major limpet groups but also provides a powerful tool for elucidating the evolutionary, biogeographic, and ecologic development of the complexly structured limpet guilds of differing taxonomic composition that dominate rocky intertidal habitats throughout the world.

Since the late 1960s, the English Reformation has often been represented as a process of change forced upon an unwilling people by an educated social elite. The religious system of the elite, by this view, is seen as inimical to a broad range of popular practices and beliefs, with puritan ideology giving extreme expression to socially repressive tendencies. Although recent scholarship has sought to modify this view, the relationship of popular and elite culture in London is still often perceived as confrontational. The present article seeks to examine patterns of religious behaviour among the social elite in London during the later sixteenth century, arguing that continuity in certain traditional forms of piety, such as charitable benefaction and funerary practice, expresses a complex of fundamental attitudes and beliefs which operated across the social spectrum. These practices, when enacted, defined and legitimated the parish as a religious community. They also served to reattach a shared belief system to a historically changing religious context, a process of renegotiation in which the whole civic population participated.

Achieving consensus on the definition of the Mollusca is fortunately not prerequisite to the exercise of taxonomic classification and phylogenetic analysis. Definitions emerge from analysis, and it is therefore germane to consider the ways in which analytic procedures and underlying assumptions may affect growth of knowledge of the Mollusca.