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51 results

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  • 160. - Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–1778)

  • from R
  • Edited by Karolina Hübner, Cornell University, New York, Justin Steinberg, Cornell University, New York
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Spinoza Lexicon
    Published online:
    09 January 2025
    Print publication:
    12 December 2024, pp 470-472

  • Summary

    The celebrated eighteenth-century Genevan philosopher, composer, novelist, and pedagogue Jean-Jacques Rousseau had an undeniably complex relationship with Spinoza. On the one hand, he adopted the mainline view of Spinoza found among intellectuals of his milieu, dismissing his “dangerous reveries.” On the other hand, Rousseau flirted with writing a text that he understood to be in the Spinozist mode, emphasizing a materialist/naturalistic account of human behavior.

The Cambridge Companion to Rousseau's Social Contract
  • Edited by David Lay Williams, Matthew W. Maguire
  • Published online:
    28 March 2024
    Print publication:
    22 February 2024
  • What is freedom? What is equality? And what is sovereignty? A foundational text of modern political philosophy, Rousseau's Social Contract has generated much debate and exerted extraordinary influence not only on political thought, but also modern political history, by way of the French Revolution and other political events, ideals, and practices. The Social Contract is regularly studied in undergraduate courses of philosophy, political thought, and modern intellectual history, as well as being the subject of graduate seminars in numerous disciplines. The book inspires an ongoing flow of scholarly articles and monographs. Few texts have offered more influential and important answers to research questions than Rousseau's Social Contract, and in this new Cambridge Companion, a multidisciplinary team of contributors provides new ways to navigate this masterpiece of political philosophy- and its animating questions.

  • 1 - Introduction

  • Edited by David Lay Williams, DePaul University, Chicago, Matthew W. Maguire, DePaul University, Chicago
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Companion to Rousseau's <i>Social Contract</i>
    Published online:
    28 March 2024
    Print publication:
    22 February 2024, pp 1-9

  • Summary

    Reasoned and impassioned controversy have accompanied The Social Contract since its publication in 1762. Once the book entered conversations about the foundations and ends of modern politics, it never left them.

    Immanuel Kant’s debt to Rousseau, for example, was deep and multidimensional. He drew many of his own ethical and political arguments from contemplating Rousseau’s philosophy, including the general will and other ideas that extended well beyond the portrait of Rousseau that famously adorned his otherwise sparsely decorated study.

  • 6 - Rousseau’s Ancient Ends of Legislation

  • Edited by David Lay Williams, DePaul University, Chicago, Matthew W. Maguire, DePaul University, Chicago
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Companion to Rousseau's <i>Social Contract</i>
    Published online:
    28 March 2024
    Print publication:
    22 February 2024, pp 113-137

  • Summary

    Rousseau has long been understood as a theorist of inequality – though attention to Rousseau has been largely directed to his 1754 Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. While scholars are, naturally, right to address this central work, they would do well to consider what can be learned from other works, including The Social Contract (1762). In this text, readers often neglect a passage that Rousseau himself highlights: that “the end of every system of legislation … comes down to the following two principal objects, freedom and equality” (II.11). This chapter explores Rousseau’s understanding of freedom and equality with special attention to the latter as manifested in the problem of economic inequality. In doing so, further, it details how his thinking about freedom and equality were shaped by the ancient sources of Plato and Plutarch – his two favorite ancient thinkers. In both ancient sources, it turns out that economic equality is essential to achieving either political freedom or civil harmony. This essay, thus, not only details the centrality of economic equality to Rousseau’s political thought but also provides a serious account of how he came to this position.

  • Fat composition in infant formula contributes to the severity of necrotising enterocolitis

  • Chhinder P. Sodhi, William B. Fulton, Misty Good, Mustafa Vurma, Tapas Das, Chron-Si Lai, Hongpeng Jia, Yukihiro Yamaguchi, Peng Lu, Thomas Prindle, Jr, John A. Ozolek, David J. Hackam
  • Journal:
    British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 120 / Issue 6 / 28 September 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    04 September 2018, pp. 665-680
    Print publication:
    28 September 2018
    • Article
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  • Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease that typically affects formula-fed premature infants, suggesting that dietary components may influence disease pathogenesis. TAG are the major fat components of infant formula, and their digestion requires pancreatic lipases, which may be naturally deficient in premature neonates. We hypothesise that NEC develops partly from the accumulation of incompletely digested long-chain TAG-containing unsaturated fatty acids within the intestinal epithelial cells, leading to oxidative stress and enterocyte damage. We further hypothesise that the administration of a formula that contains reduced TAG (‘pre-digested fat’) that do not require lipase action may reduce NEC severity. To test these hypotheses, we induced NEC in neonatal mice using three different fat formulations, namely ‘standard fat’, ‘pre-digested fat’ or ‘very low fat’, and determined that mice fed ‘standard fat’ developed severe NEC, which was significantly reduced in mice fed ‘pre-digested fat’ or ‘very low fat’. The expression level of the critical fat-digesting enzyme carboxyl ester lipase was significantly lower in the newborn compared with older pups, leading to impaired fat digestion. The accumulation of mal-digested fat resulted in the significant accumulation of fat droplets within the intestinal epithelium of the distal ileum, resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species and intestinal inflammation. Strikingly, these changes were prevented in pups fed ‘pre-digested fat’ or ‘very low fat’ formulas. These findings suggest that nutritional formula containing a pre-digested fat system may overcome the natural lipase deficiency of the premature gut, and serve as a novel approach to prevent NEC.

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