In December 2018, an outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis infections was identified in Canada by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). An investigation was initiated to identify the source of the illnesses, which proved challenging and complex. Microbiological hypothesis generation methods included comparisons of Salmonella isolate sequence data to historical domestic outbreaks and international repositories. Epidemiological hypothesis generation methods included routine case interviews, open-ended centralized re-interviewing, thematic analysis of open-ended interview data, collection of purchase records, a grocery store site visit, analytic comparison to healthy control groups, and case–case analyses. Food safety hypothesis testing methods included food sample collection and analysis, and traceback investigations. Overall, 83 cases were identified across seven provinces, with onset dates from 6 November 2018 to 7 May 2019. Case ages ranged from 1 to 88 years; 60% (50/83) were female; 39% (22/56) were hospitalized; and three deaths were reported. Brand X profiteroles and eclairs imported from Thailand were identified as the source of the outbreak, and eggs from an unregistered facility were hypothesized as the likely cause of contamination. This study aims to describe the outbreak investigation and highlight the multiple hypothesis generation methods that were employed to identify the source.

Leveraging elements of game design and theories of human motivation, gamification provides a variety of techniques to engage learners in novel ways. Our Clinical and Translational Science Award created the software platform (Kaizen-Education©) to deliver gamified educational content in 2012. Here, we explore two novel use cases of this platform to provide practical insights for leveraging these methods in educational settings: (1) national training in rigor, reproducibility, and transparency and (2) attainment of learner competency (n = 7) as a gauge of curricular effectiveness across Master of Public Health degree tracks (n = 5). Data were captured in real time during player interaction with Kaizen-Education© to provide descriptive analyses of player engagement in both implementation examples. We then assessed item analysis to assess knowledge gain and competency attainment. We have just begun to leverage the potential for gamification to engage learners, enhance knowledge acquisition, and document completion of training, across various learning environments. We encourage a systematic approach to gamification applying insights from self-determination theory to learners and learning environments, a methodical approach to game design and rigorous analysis after implementation to generate evidence-based insights to maximize educational return for time invested.

In this work, a shorting control (SC) scheme is integrated into a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) synchronous rectifier for the output voltage regulation of a wireless power supply. The rectifier is designed to operate in a parallel tuned pickup with a 500 mW output power capability for biomedical implants. Without any additional components, the proposed SC method enables the power pickup to operate with high efficiency under variable coupling conditions while maintaining the required load power to keep the output voltage constant. Desired operating conditions are achieved with increased power transfer capability at weak magnetic coupling conditions and higher power efficiency at strong coupling. A novel derivation describes the change in efficiency with SC duty ratio. Experimental validation is completed with an original custom CMOS integrated rectifier with embedded SC. It is demonstrated that the proposed SC method can increase the overall secondary pickup power transfer efficiency by 14% as the magnetic coupling increases to the stronger end.

Success in the domain of work is a salient developmental task of adulthood and a key indicator of adaptive function in the evaluation of health and psychopathology. Yet few studies have examined pathways to work competence, especially with strategies testing for cumulative cascade effects over time. Cascade models spanning 20 years were tested via structural equation modeling, linking work competence in early adulthood to antecedent competence in work and other domains of competence in childhood and emerging adulthood. Data were drawn from the Project Competence longitudinal study of 205 school children followed for 20 years. Relative fit of alternative models was evaluated by the Bayesian information criterion. As hypothesized, the effectiveness of adaptive behavior in earlier age-salient developmental task domains forecasted later work competence, which also showed strong concurrent links to competence in other domains. Results suggest there are numerous pathways by which success or failure in major developmental task domains in childhood and adolescence may influence adaptation in other domains and eventually work competence, both concurrently and cumulatively over time. Cascade effects highlight the potential significance for later work competence of childhood conduct (antisocial vs. rule-abiding behavior) and social competence with peers, in addition to the ongoing role that academic attainment may have for work success. Work competence also showed considerable stability over a 10-year period during early adulthood. Implications and applications for future research and intervention are discussed.

The basic electrophysiological properties and responses to serotonin of thalamocortical (TC) neurons in the ferret, cat, and monkey pulvinar were compared. Morphologically, thalamocortical neurons in these three species were similar, except for the presence of beaded dendrites in many monkey neurons. In all three species, the neurons exhibited two distinct firing modes: single spike activity and low threshold Ca2+-spike mediated bursting. However, in monkeys, the low threshold Ca2+ spikes were followed by a prominent 50–100 ms afterhyperpolarization that could result in the generation of an additional rebound Ca2+ spike. The application of 5-HT to thalamocortical neurons in cat and monkey pulvinar resulted in a depolarization and an increase in membrane conductance through an enhancement of the hyperpolarization-activated cation current, Ih, apparently through the activation of 5-HT7 receptors. In contrast, the application of serotonin to ferret pulvinar neurons resulted in a prominent hyperpolarization, owing to an increase in membrane potassium conductance. In monkey and ferret, application of serotonin could result in barrages of IPSPs in thalamocortical neurons. These results indicate that there are significant species-dependent differences in both the electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of pulvinar thalamocortical neurons.

Growth of large area, single or almost single crystal diamond is of great importance to the electronics industry. In this work, single crystal diamonds were implanted with C+ ions, inducing a subsurface damage layer in the diamond lattice. Homoepitiaxial diamond films were then grown on the implanted crystals using a microwave plasma CVD reactor. Films grown on on-axis substrates were dominated by large numbers of hillocks, renucleation and penetration twins, while miscut substrates exhibited stepflow growth. The homoepitaxial layers were separated from the substrate by a water-based etch which selectively attacks the subsurface damage layer of the diamond lattice. The films were analyzed by Raman scattering, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy, photo- and cathodoluminescence, and x-ray diffraction. CVD growth on adjacent, oriented substrates formed a single, continuous diamond layer. The resulting homoepitaxial film quality, orientation, defect density and it's relationship to the underlying substrates were compared at various points on the surface, particularly the region which overgrew the gap between different substrates.

Scholars in china and chinese studies commonly think of culture as an autonomous and transcendental force that defines agents and institutions and determines the outcome of events. They often conclude that China's allegedly illiberal authoritarian culture inevitably generates authoritarian politics. In this article we will bring culture down to earth by arguing that it is not transcendental but entangled in reciprocal relationships with various social institutions, not the least of which are politics and political institutions. If culture is not fixed in a realm beyond everything else, then rehearsing traditional accounts of traditional culture is not enough to distinguish the range of possible futures. Instead, we have to look at why people have the ideas they have and how they can and might change.