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19 results

Genetically Modified Organisms in Developing Countries
  • Risk Analysis and Governance
  • Edited by Ademola A. Adenle, E. Jane Morris, Denis J. Murphy
  • Published online:
    05 July 2017
    Print publication:
    09 June 2017
  • Bringing together the ideas of experts from around the world, this incisive text offers cutting-edge perspectives on the risk analysis and governance of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), supporting effective and informed decision-making in developing countries. Comprised of four comprehensive sections, this book covers: integrated risk analysis and decision making, giving an overview of the science involved and examining risk analysis methods that impact decision-making on the release of GMOs, particularly in developing countries; diversification of expertise involved in risk analysis and practical ways in which the lack of expertise in developing countries can be overcome; risk analysis based regulatory systems and how they can be undermined by power relationships and socio-political interests, as well as strategies for improving GMO policy development and regulatory decision-making; and case studies from developing countries providing lessons based on real-world experience that can inform our current thinking.

  • 1 - Introduction

  • Edited by Ademola A. Adenle, Colorado State University, E. Jane Morris, University of Leeds, Denis J. Murphy, University of South Wales
  • Book:
    Genetically Modified Organisms in Developing Countries
    Published online:
    05 July 2017
    Print publication:
    09 June 2017, pp 1-10

  • Summary

    The introductory chapter to the book sets the scene by explaining the need for increased agricultural production in developing countries to meet the needs of a growing population. One of the technologies that could help achieve this aim is the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) as well as some other new breeding techniques that are now challenging the definition of what is meant by a GMO. However, the introduction of appropriate regulation and governance of GMOs in developing countries is in many cases proving challenging and preventing their successful introduction. The chapter outlines some of the regulatory issues at international level that are impacting on the situation in developing countries. The introductory chapter outlines the structure of the book, which is divided into four main sections: Risk analysis methodology and decision making; Diversification of expertise; Risk analysis based regulatory systems; and Case studies from developing countries. A brief introduction to each of the following chapters in the book is provided.

  • 25 - Conclusions and Recommendations

  • from Part IV - Case Studies from Developing Countries
  • Edited by Ademola A. Adenle, Colorado State University, E. Jane Morris, University of Leeds, Denis J. Murphy, University of South Wales
  • Book:
    Genetically Modified Organisms in Developing Countries
    Published online:
    05 July 2017
    Print publication:
    09 June 2017, pp 294-300

  • Summary

    The concluding chapter starts by contextualizing the GMO debate within the context of the need for sustainable agricultural intensification and the challenge of meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. It discusses some of the key messages that arise from the preceding chapters. These include the fact that genetically improved crops that are locally important for developing countries have not yet been successful in reaching the market place, in considerable measure due to strict risk-averse legislation founded on the Precautionary Principle on which the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is based. While there is excessive focus on risk, the benefits of the technology are generally not being considered by regulators, and are not being adequately communicated to the public. The situation is not helped by the focus on process-based legislation (focusing on the genetic modification) rather than on the nature of the resulting product. Developing countries continue to need appropriately focused capacity development to enable them to adequately deal with these issues.The chapter concludes with a set of recommendations for scientists, government officials, donors, the media and international bodies, which we believe would help to break the current impasse in the introduction of GMOs.

  • 4 - Governance of Benefits and Risks of GMOs in Developing Countries

  • from Part I - Risk Analysis Methodology and Decision-Making
  • Edited by Ademola A. Adenle, Colorado State University, E. Jane Morris, University of Leeds, Denis J. Murphy, University of South Wales
  • Book:
    Genetically Modified Organisms in Developing Countries
    Published online:
    05 July 2017
    Print publication:
    09 June 2017, pp 39-52

  • Summary

    Starting from an examination of the risk based focus of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, this chapter examines the extent to which a focus on risk and a neglect of consideration of benefits has led to the current regulatory impasse blocking the introduction of GMOs in many developing countries. The potential benefits for developing countries include environmental, agricultural, health and socio-economic aspects. A survey of the GMO-related legislation in 38 developing countries revealed that few of them made explicit provision for consideration of risks. The European position specifically excludes consideration of benefits, and this is likely to affect attitudes in developing countries. There is a need to develop a structured approach to risk-benefit analysis, and for there to be more emphasis on communication of benefits, particularly since the next generation of nutritionally enhanced crops should bring real benefits to the consumer

  • Comparison of the action of rumen bacteria on cell walls from Eragrostis tef

  • E. Jane Morris, N. O. Van Gylswyk
  • Journal:
    The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 95 / Issue 2 / October 1980
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    27 March 2009, pp. 313-323

  • A selection of the hemicellulose-utilizing rumen bacteria isolated by Henning (1979) were partially characterized. These and a number of other cellulolytic organisms were incubated in vitro with teff (Eragrostis tef) cell walls, and the extent of solubilization and utilization by the bacteria of individual cell wall sugars was determined. Results were compared with the action of the bacteria on isolated xylan and cellulose.

    The cellulolytic rumen bacteria solubilized more of both cellulosic and hemicellulosic sugars in the cell wall than the non-cellulolytic organisms. Bacteria which were unable to solubilize isolated cellulose could also degrade very little of the cell wall cellulose, and this appeared to limit the amount of cell wall hemicellulose which could be attacked.

    There was no direct relationship between the extent of degradation of isolated xylan and solubilization of cell wall hemicellulose, but those xylanolytic organisms which produced freely diffusible enzymes (as evidenced by production of clearings in 3 % xylan-agar) were more effective in attacking the cell wall than those which did not.

    Examination of thin sections in the electron microscope showed no relationship between attachment of bacteria to the cell walls and ability to degrade them.

  • The cell walls of Eragrostis tef: variations in chemical composition and digestibility

  • E. Jane Morris
  • Journal:
    The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 95 / Issue 2 / October 1980
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    27 March 2009, pp. 305-311

  • Teff (Eragrostis tef) was cut at various stages of growth and divided into leaf, stem (including leaf sheath) and inflorescence. Cell walls were isolated from the leaf and stem fractions and their composition determined. Acetyl groups and individual sugars were determined by gas-liquid chromatography.

    Recoveries of cell walls from the same fresh weight of leaves or stems were similar at each stage of growth, but increased with maturity.

    Throughout the growing season the leaf cell walls differed in composition from those of the stem. At the start of growth the leaves had a lower content of xylose and acetyl groups but were otherwise similar to the stems. However, with increasing maturity and the production of a flowering stem the stem cell wall composition changed much more than that of the leaf cell walls, with a marked decrease in the content of arabinose and an increase in the content of lignin and acetyl. Over the same period the leaf cell walls showed a smaller increase in acetyl content and decrease in arabinose and uronic acid, but were otherwise unchanged.

    Digestion of the cell walls with a fungal cellulase preparation showed that although the two cell wall types were equally degradable while the grass was in the vegetative state, the digestibility of the stem cell walls decreased well below that of the leaves with the onset of maturity and the production of a flowering stem. This was confirmed by in vivo incubations of the cell walls in nylon bags.

  • The fate of acetyl groups and sugar components during the digestion of grass cell walls in sheep

  • E. Jane Morris, J. S. D. Bacon
  • Journal:
    The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 89 / Issue 2 / October 1977
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    27 March 2009, pp. 327-340

  • The digestibilities of grass cell wall constituents determined in a digestion trial were compared with those obtained by suspending various isolated cell wall preparations in nylon bags in the rumen of a sheep. Particular attention was paid to acetyl groups and to individual sugars, which were determined in both cases by gas liquid chromatography.

    For dried grass and hay in the digestion trial the cell wall constituents showed digestibilities decreasing in the following order: arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, acetyl, lignin.

    For a leaf cell wall preparation derived from all cell types except mesophyll, the nylon bag technique allowed the same order of digestibilities; rhamnose and uronic acids were also measured and found to be rapidly digested. Mesophyll cell walls placed in nylon bags were more readily digested than non-mesophyll. All the sugars, and also acetyl groups, were digested to the same extent.

    In a grass cell wall preparation isolated from sheep faeces, tested similarly, xylose and glucose were digested to the same extent, but acetyl groups were less digested.

    Removal of acetyl groups, using sodium ethoxide, which left the sugar composition and lignin content unchanged, increased the digestibility particularly of the cell walls from faeces.

    The results are discussed with reference to the relationship between cell wall composition and digestibility.