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A heavy body translating in a boundary layer: ‘crash’, ‘fly away’ and ‘bouncing’ responses
- Ellen M. Jolley, Frank T. Smith
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 936 / 10 April 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 February 2022, A37
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The study concerns a slender, heavy body moving with streamwise velocity in a boundary layer. Modelling assumptions on body size reduce the governing equations for the body motion to a pair of nonlinear integro-differential equations (IDEs) which displays a wide range of distinguished behaviours, including eventual collision with the wall (‘crash’), escape to infinity (‘fly away’) and repeatedly travelling far from the wall and back again without ever colliding or escaping (‘bouncing’). The paper gives a survey of the variety of behaviour, as well as asymptotic analysis and insight into each category of fluid/body interaction and the conditions under which crash, fly away and bouncing occur.
Detection and Localization of Eu on Biosilica by Analytical Scanning Electron Microscopy
- Ellen Hieckmann, Kaitlin K. K. Kammerlander, Lydia Köhler, Laura Neumann, Stefan Saager, Nico Albanis, Thomas Hutsch, Frank Seifert, Eike Brunner
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 27 / Issue 6 / December 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 September 2021, pp. 1328-1337
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- December 2021
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Algae like diatoms are widely studied as a means to remediate anthropogenically contaminated sites. In the present study, CL (cathodoluminescence) and EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray) spectroscopy in an SEM (scanning electron microscope) were optimized for the detection of Eu(III) sorbed on diatom biosilica. The required stability of biosilica under a focused electron beam was extensively investigated. Using experimentally determined data of thermal properties, the temperature increase within biosilica exposed to an electron beam was simulated by finite element calculations based on results from Monte Carlo simulations of electron scattering. Complementary thermogravimetric studies substantiated a chemical stability of biosilica in a wide temperature range, confirming its suitability for long-lasting SEM investigations. In subsequent EDX measurements, characteristic Eu lines were detected. Eu was found to preferentially accumulate and aggregate on silica fragments. CL spectra were obtained for the Eu(III) reference material, EuCl3. For Eu-loaded biosilica, even parts without detectable Eu signal in the EDX spectra show significant Eu(III) signals in the CL spectra. This highlights the sensitivity of CL in studying f-element sorption. CL data showed that Eu(III) was distributed on the entire surface. In conclusion, this work demonstrates the merit of CL and EDX methods for sorption studies on biogenic materials.
Utilizing Strategic and Operational Methods for Whole-Community Disaster Planning
- Stevee Franks, Ellen Seaton
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- Journal:
- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 11 / Issue 6 / December 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 May 2017, pp. 741-746
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Analysis of response and recovery efforts to disasters over the past 2 decades has identified a consistent gap that plagues the nation in regard to persons with access and functional needs. This gap can be highlighted by Hurricane Katrina, where the majority of those killed were a part of the access and functional needs population. After a disaster, many individuals with access and functional needs require assistance recovering but often have difficulty accessing services and resources. These difficulties are due to a combination of issues, such as health problems and the disruption of community support services. We sought to help bridge this gap by focusing on strategic and operational methods used while planning for the whole community. This article highlights the many partnerships that must be fostered for successful whole-community planning. These partnerships include, but are not limited to, local government departments, health agencies, nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations, and other volunteer organizations. We showcase these methods by using a developmental Post-Disaster Canvassing Plan to highlight planning methods that may aid jurisdictions across the United States in disaster planning for the whole community. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:741–746)
Affective instability and the course of bipolar depression: Results from the STEP-BD randomised controlled trial of psychosocial treatment
- Jonathan P. Stange, Louisa G. Sylvia, Pedro Vieira da Silva Magalhães, David J. Miklowitz, Michael W. Otto, Ellen Frank, Christine Yim, Michael Berk, Darin D. Dougherty, Andrew A. Nierenberg, Thilo Deckersbach
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 208 / Issue 4 / April 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 352-358
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- April 2016
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Background
Little is known about predictors of recovery from bipolar depression.
AimsWe investigated affective instability (a pattern of frequent and large mood shifts over time) as a predictor of recovery from episodes of bipolar depression and as a moderator of response to psychosocial treatment for acute depression.
MethodA total of 252 out-patients with DSM-IV bipolar I or II disorder and who were depressed enrolled in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) and were randomised to one of three types of intensive psychotherapy for depression (n = 141) or a brief psychoeducational intervention (n = 111). All analyses were by intention-to-treat.
ResultsDegree of instability of symptoms of depression and mania predicted a lower likelihood of recovery and longer time until recovery, independent of the concurrent effects of symptom severity. Affective instability did not moderate the effects of psychosocial treatment on recovery from depression.
ConclusionsAffective instability may be a clinically relevant characteristic that influences the course of bipolar depression.
The Syndrome of Traumatic Grief
- M. Katherine Shear, Allan Zuckoff, Ellen Frank
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 6 / Issue 4 / April 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 November 2014, pp. 339-346
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Traumatic grief is a common and debilitating syndrome whose clinical presentation is well recognized but whose diagnostic criteria have only recently been delineated. Though it shares features with major depressive disorder, adjustment disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder, none of these subsume the criteria set for traumatic grief, and the diagnostic overlap is limited in community samples. Furthermore, diagnosis of traumatic grief appears to have prognostic value for clinical course and treatment response among bereaved individuals. In the absence of empirically supported treatments of pathological grief, a new, manualized treatment for traumatic grief symptoms has been developed and is currently undergoing testing in a randomized controlled trial. The conceptual basis for Traumatic Grief Treatment (TGT) is presented, the structure of the treatment is outlined, and the primary clinical strategies employed are described.
Panic-Agoraphobic Spectrum and Cardiovascular Disease
- Mario Miniati, Mauro Mauri, Liliana Dell'Osso, Stefano Pini, Francesco Mengali, Katherine Shear, Jack D. Maser, Victoria Grochocinski, Ellen Frank, Giovanni B. Cassano
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 3 / Issue 4 / April 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 November 2014, pp. 58-62
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Panic disorder occurs frequently with different forms of cardiovascular disease and hypertension. The 13 panic symptoms described in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) often overlap with manifestations of cardiovascular disorders, raising problems in the differential diagnosis. In order to explore in greater detail the phenomenology of panic symptoms in cardiovascular patients, the Structured Clinical Interview for Panic-Agoraphobic Spectrum (SCI-PAS) was administered to 111 patients with hypertension and 29 patients with a recent myocardial infarction.
With regard to the frequency of endorsement of many of the symptoms assessed on the SCI-PAS, more than 40% of the cardiovascular patients who failed to meet the DSM-IV criteria for panic disorder did not significantly differ from the 10% of cardiovascular patients who did fulfill the criteria for panic disorder. A third distinct subgroup comprising 48.6% of the cardiovascular patients reported a significantly smaller number of SCI-PAS symptoms than the other two groups.
These preliminary findings suggest the existence of a relatively large proportion of cardiovascular patients who present with physical and psychological symptoms that are potentially related to panic disorder and that may provoke considerable subjective distress. Further studies are needed to clarify the nature of these symptoms and their potential interference with treatment and symptomatology of cardiovascular disease.
Is Lifetime Separation Anxiety a Manifestation of Panic Spectrum?
- Andrea Fagiolini, M. Katherine Shear, Giovanni B. Cassano, Ellen Frank
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 3 / Issue 4 / April 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 November 2014, pp. 63-72
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Separation anxiety has long been of interest in psychiatry. The term refers to both a phenomenon of normal psychological development and to the symptoms of a common childhood psychiatric disorder, classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Edition (ICD 10), as separation anxiety disorder. Available epidemiological studies suggest a prevalence rate of this disorder of about 4%. Treatment studies using cognitive behavioral therapy and/or medication are reported in the literature. There is also evidence that symptoms of separation anxiety may occur in adulthood, though this is far less widely known. We consider childhood and adult separation anxiety to be a component of panic spectrum, described in other papers of this issue.
A small and somewhat confusing literature addresses the question of outcome of childhood separation anxiety disorder, with support for a weak association between childhood separation anxiety and adult panic disorder. We believe there is a suggestion of a stronger association of the childhood condition with persistence of a similar syndrome of adult separation anxiety. Symptoms of adult separation anxiety may be a manifestation of panic spectrum, as we suggest. Such symptoms may represent a separate, specific clinical entity, or symptomatic separation anxiety may occur as a manifestation of a range of Axis I disorders, and may respond to treatment of these disorders. In any case, we urge researchers and clinicians to begin to attend to the possibility that adult psychiatric patients may suffer from clinically significant symptoms of adult separation anxiety.
The Panic-Agoraphobic Spectrum: Rationale, Assessment, and Clinical Usefulness
- Giovanni B. Cassano, Alessandro Rotondo, Jack D. Maser, M. Katherine Shear, Ellen Frank, Mauro Mauri, Liliana Dell'Osso
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 3 / Issue 4 / April 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 November 2014, pp. 35-48
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This paper describes a model of psychopathology termed the panic-agoraphobic spectrum. The model has been constructed by identifying different psychopathologic and clinical domains that incorporate and extend the diagnosis of panic disorder as described in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV).
Categorical classifications do not take into account the subthreshold, atypical, and often enduring symptoms that accompany the core manifestations of full-blown mental disorders. These often-neglected spectrums of symptoms, however, may be as distressing and debilitating as the full-blown disorders and can have unrecognized importance in selection of and response to treatment. At the Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biotechnology, Institute of Psychiatry of the University of Pisa, Italy, a spectrum approach to mental disorders (eg, bipolar, obsessive-compulsive, eating, and panic disorders) has been used extensively and has proven effective in clinical practice.
The need for systematic identification and assessment of a broad array of symptoms and behavioral features has led, as a first step, to the conceptualization of the panic-agoraphobic spectrum model. In collaboration with researchers from the University of Pittsburgh, PA, and elsewhere, the University of Pisa scientists have further refined the panic-agoraphobic spectrum model and have developed a structured interview for this spectrum called the Structured Clinical Interview for Panic-Agoraphobic Spectrum. The rationale, clinical usefulness, and heuristic significance of the panic-agoraphobic spectrum model are discussed below.
The Spectrum Model: A More Coherent Approach to the Complexity of Psychiatric Symptomatology
- Ellen Frank, Giovanni B. Cassano, M. Katherine Shear, Alessandro Rotondo, Liliana Dell'Osso, Mauro Mauri, Jack Maser, Victoria Grochocinski
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- CNS Spectrums / Volume 3 / Issue 4 / April 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 November 2014, pp. 23-34
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The current tools used to define and diagnose mental disorders, including the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the International Classification of Diseases, have added specificity to the psychiatric nomenclature. However, their stereotypic rigidity in classification has resulted in the failure to identify the full range of potentially debilitating psychiatric symptoms with which patients may present. A spectrum model of psychopathology is more adept at recognizing the subclinical or threshold symptomatology that may occur concomitantly with core psychiatric disorders. The authors discuss the development of a spectrum approach to the diagnosis of mental disorders, which offers the potential to improve treatment selection and therapeutic outcomes.
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- By Frank Andrasik, Melissa R. Andrews, Ana Inés Ansaldo, Evangelos G. Antzoulatos, Lianhua Bai, Ellen Barrett, Linamara Battistella, Nicolas Bayle, Michael S. Beattie, Peter J. Beek, Serafin Beer, Heinrich Binder, Claire Bindschaedler, Sarah Blanton, Tasia Bobish, Michael L. Boninger, Joseph F. Bonner, Chadwick B. Boulay, Vanessa S. Boyce, Anna-Katharine Brem, Jacqueline C. Bresnahan, Floor E. Buma, Mary Bartlett Bunge, John H. Byrne, Jeffrey R. Capadona, Stefano F. Cappa, Diana D. Cardenas, Leeanne M. Carey, S. Thomas Carmichael, Glauco A. P. Caurin, Pablo Celnik, Kimberly M. Christian, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo G. Cohen, Adriana B. Conforto, Rory A. Cooper, Rosemarie Cooper, Steven C. Cramer, Armin Curt, Mark D’Esposito, Matthew B. Dalva, Gavriel David, Brandon Delia, Wenbin Deng, Volker Dietz, Bruce H. Dobkin, Marco Domeniconi, Edith Durand, Tracey Vause Earland, Georg Ebersbach, Jonathan J. Evans, James W. Fawcett, Uri Feintuch, Toby A. Ferguson, Marie T. Filbin, Diasinou Fioravante, Itzhak Fischer, Agnes Floel, Herta Flor, Karim Fouad, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Peter H. Gorman, Thomas W. Gould, Jean-Michel Gracies, Amparo Gutierrez, Kurt Haas, C.D. Hall, Hans-Peter Hartung, Zhigang He, Jordan Hecker, Susan J. Herdman, Seth Herman, Leigh R. Hochberg, Ahmet Höke, Fay B. Horak, Jared C. Horvath, Richard L. Huganir, Friedhelm C. Hummel, Beata Jarosiewicz, Frances E. Jensen, Michael Jöbges, Larry M. Jordan, Jon H. Kaas, Andres M. Kanner, Noomi Katz, Matthew S. Kayser, Annmarie Kelleher, Gerd Kempermann, Timothy E. Kennedy, Jürg Kesselring, Fary Khan, Rachel Kizony, Jeffery D. Kocsis, Boudewijn J. Kollen, Hubertus Köller, John W. Krakauer, Hermano I. Krebs, Gert Kwakkel, Bradley Lang, Catherine E. Lang, Helmar C. Lehmann, Angelo C. Lepore, Glenn S. Le Prell, Mindy F. Levin, Joel M. Levine, David A. Low, Marilyn MacKay-Lyons, Jeffrey D. Macklis, Margaret Mak, Francine Malouin, William C. Mann, Paul D. Marasco, Christopher J. Mathias, Laura McClure, Jan Mehrholz, Lorne M. Mendell, Robert H. Miller, Carol Milligan, Beth Mineo, Simon W. Moore, Jennifer Morgan, Charbel E-H. Moussa, Martin Munz, Randolph J. Nudo, Joseph J. Pancrazio, Theresa Pape, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Kristin M. Pearson-Fuhrhop, P. Hunter Peckham, Tamara L. Pelleshi, Catherine Verrier Piersol, Thomas Platz, Marcus Pohl, Dejan B. Popović, Andrew M. Poulos, Maulik Purohit, Hui-Xin Qi, Debbie Rand, Mahendra S. Rao, Josef P. Rauschecker, Aimee Reiss, Carol L. Richards, Keith M. Robinson, Melvyn Roerdink, John C. Rosenbek, Serge Rossignol, Edward S. Ruthazer, Arash Sahraie, Krishnankutty Sathian, Marc H. Schieber, Brian J. Schmidt, Michael E. Selzer, Mijail D. Serruya, Himanshu Sharma, Michael Shifman, Jerry Silver, Thomas Sinkjær, George M. Smith, Young-Jin Son, Tim Spencer, John D. Steeves, Oswald Steward, Sheela Stuart, Austin J. Sumner, Chin Lik Tan, Robert W. Teasell, Gareth Thomas, Aiko K. Thompson, Richard F. Thompson, Wesley J. Thompson, Erika Timar, Ceri T. Trevethan, Christopher Trimby, Gary R. Turner, Mark H. Tuszynski, Erna A. van Niekerk, Ricardo Viana, Difei Wang, Anthony B. Ward, Nick S. Ward, Stephen G. Waxman, Patrice L. Weiss, Jörg Wissel, Steven L. Wolf, Jonathan R. Wolpaw, Sharon Wood-Dauphinee, Ross D. Zafonte, Binhai Zheng, Richard D. Zorowitz
- Edited by Michael Selzer, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo Cohen, Gert Kwakkel, Robert Miller, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
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- Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation
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- 05 May 2014
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- 24 April 2014, pp ix-xvi
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- By Frank Andrasik, Melissa R. Andrews, Ana Inés Ansaldo, Evangelos G. Antzoulatos, Lianhua Bai, Ellen Barrett, Linamara Battistella, Nicolas Bayle, Michael S. Beattie, Peter J. Beek, Serafin Beer, Heinrich Binder, Claire Bindschaedler, Sarah Blanton, Tasia Bobish, Michael L. Boninger, Joseph F. Bonner, Chadwick B. Boulay, Vanessa S. Boyce, Anna-Katharine Brem, Jacqueline C. Bresnahan, Floor E. Buma, Mary Bartlett Bunge, John H. Byrne, Jeffrey R. Capadona, Stefano F. Cappa, Diana D. Cardenas, Leeanne M. Carey, S. Thomas Carmichael, Glauco A. P. Caurin, Pablo Celnik, Kimberly M. Christian, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo G. Cohen, Adriana B. Conforto, Rory A. Cooper, Rosemarie Cooper, Steven C. Cramer, Armin Curt, Mark D’Esposito, Matthew B. Dalva, Gavriel David, Brandon Delia, Wenbin Deng, Volker Dietz, Bruce H. Dobkin, Marco Domeniconi, Edith Durand, Tracey Vause Earland, Georg Ebersbach, Jonathan J. Evans, James W. Fawcett, Uri Feintuch, Toby A. Ferguson, Marie T. Filbin, Diasinou Fioravante, Itzhak Fischer, Agnes Floel, Herta Flor, Karim Fouad, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Peter H. Gorman, Thomas W. Gould, Jean-Michel Gracies, Amparo Gutierrez, Kurt Haas, C.D. Hall, Hans-Peter Hartung, Zhigang He, Jordan Hecker, Susan J. Herdman, Seth Herman, Leigh R. Hochberg, Ahmet Höke, Fay B. Horak, Jared C. Horvath, Richard L. Huganir, Friedhelm C. Hummel, Beata Jarosiewicz, Frances E. Jensen, Michael Jöbges, Larry M. Jordan, Jon H. Kaas, Andres M. Kanner, Noomi Katz, Matthew S. Kayser, Annmarie Kelleher, Gerd Kempermann, Timothy E. Kennedy, Jürg Kesselring, Fary Khan, Rachel Kizony, Jeffery D. Kocsis, Boudewijn J. Kollen, Hubertus Köller, John W. Krakauer, Hermano I. Krebs, Gert Kwakkel, Bradley Lang, Catherine E. Lang, Helmar C. Lehmann, Angelo C. Lepore, Glenn S. Le Prell, Mindy F. Levin, Joel M. Levine, David A. Low, Marilyn MacKay-Lyons, Jeffrey D. Macklis, Margaret Mak, Francine Malouin, William C. Mann, Paul D. Marasco, Christopher J. Mathias, Laura McClure, Jan Mehrholz, Lorne M. Mendell, Robert H. Miller, Carol Milligan, Beth Mineo, Simon W. Moore, Jennifer Morgan, Charbel E-H. Moussa, Martin Munz, Randolph J. Nudo, Joseph J. Pancrazio, Theresa Pape, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Kristin M. Pearson-Fuhrhop, P. Hunter Peckham, Tamara L. Pelleshi, Catherine Verrier Piersol, Thomas Platz, Marcus Pohl, Dejan B. Popović, Andrew M. Poulos, Maulik Purohit, Hui-Xin Qi, Debbie Rand, Mahendra S. Rao, Josef P. Rauschecker, Aimee Reiss, Carol L. Richards, Keith M. Robinson, Melvyn Roerdink, John C. Rosenbek, Serge Rossignol, Edward S. Ruthazer, Arash Sahraie, Krishnankutty Sathian, Marc H. Schieber, Brian J. Schmidt, Michael E. Selzer, Mijail D. Serruya, Himanshu Sharma, Michael Shifman, Jerry Silver, Thomas Sinkjær, George M. Smith, Young-Jin Son, Tim Spencer, John D. Steeves, Oswald Steward, Sheela Stuart, Austin J. Sumner, Chin Lik Tan, Robert W. Teasell, Gareth Thomas, Aiko K. Thompson, Richard F. Thompson, Wesley J. Thompson, Erika Timar, Ceri T. Trevethan, Christopher Trimby, Gary R. Turner, Mark H. Tuszynski, Erna A. van Niekerk, Ricardo Viana, Difei Wang, Anthony B. Ward, Nick S. Ward, Stephen G. Waxman, Patrice L. Weiss, Jörg Wissel, Steven L. Wolf, Jonathan R. Wolpaw, Sharon Wood-Dauphinee, Ross D. Zafonte, Binhai Zheng, Richard D. Zorowitz
- Edited by Michael E. Selzer, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo G. Cohen, Gert Kwakkel, Robert H. Miller, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
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- Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2014
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- 24 April 2014, pp ix-xvi
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- By Artemis Alexiadou, Mark C. Baker, Sjef Barbiers, James P. Blevins, Željko Bošković, Hans Broekhuis, Daniel Büring, Norbert Corver, Jeroen van Craenenbroeck, Stephen Crain, Veneeta Dayal, Marcel den Dikken, Samuel D. Epstein, Robert Frank, Caroline Heycock, Hisatsugu Kitahara, Antje Lahne, Howard Lasnik, Ellen F. Lau, Terje Lohndal, Jason Merchant, Frederick J. Newmeyer, Miki Obata, Maria Polinsky, Gillian Ramchand, Luigi Rizzi, Ken Safir, Ivan A. Sag, T. Daniel Seely, Peter Sells, Jon Sprouse, Rosalind Thornton, Ellen Woolford, Karen Zagona, Hedde Zeijlstra
- Edited by Marcel den Dikken, City University of New York
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Generative Syntax
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- 05 August 2013
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- 25 July 2013, pp vii-viii
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Clinical staging in psychiatry: a cross-cutting model of diagnosis with heuristic and practical value
- Jan Scott, Marion Leboyer, Ian Hickie, Michael Berk, Flavio Kapczinski, Ellen Frank, David Kupfer, Patrick McGorry
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- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 202 / Issue 4 / April 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 243-245
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- April 2013
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Staging models are used routinely in general medicine for potentially serious or chronic physical disorders such as diabetes, arthritis and cancers, describing the links between biomarkers, clinical phenotypes and disease extension, and promoting a personalised or stratified medicine approach to treatment planning. Clinical staging involves a detailed description of where an individual exists on a continuum of disorder progression from stage 0 (an at-risk or latency stage) through to stage IV (late or end-stage disease). The approach is popular owing to its clinical utility and is increasingly being applied in psychiatry. The concept offers an informed approach to research and the active promotion of indicated prevention and early intervention strategies. We suggest that for young persons with emerging bipolar disorder, such transdiagnostic staging models could provide a framework that better reflects the developmental psychopathology and matches the complex longitudinal inter-relationships between subsyndromal and syndromal mood, psychotic and other disorders.
Progress in the psychotherapy of mood disorders: studies from the Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
- Ellen Frank, Danielle Novick
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- Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale / Volume 10 / Issue 4 / December 2001
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- 11 October 2011, pp. 245-252
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— During the last three decades, we have witnessed dramatic improvements in both the psychosocial and pharmacological treatments of affective disorders. Administered in concert with the new medications advances in pharmacology have produced, disorder-specific psychosocial treatments have further improved the prognosis and course of bipolar and unipolar disorder. Methods — We review our research on unipolar and bipolar disorder and their treatment, in particular interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) and modifications thereof. Results — We provide empirical evidence that IPT is an efficacious acute and maintenance treatment for affective disorders. Our cumulative research and clinical experience suggest that interpersonal relations and circadian and social rhythms influence affective illnesses and that psychotherapy may aid in normalizing problems in these areas for patients with affective illnesses. Conclusions — Despite the excitement generated by the recent progress in research on mental disorders and their treatment, we are yet to fulfill the promise that the explosion of knowledge about targeted pharmacotherapies or psychotherapies would seem to offer. To move our field forward, we must continue to apply scientific rigor and thought to understanding the suitability of current nomenclatures, the impact of comorbid psychiatric and medical illnesses and symptoms on the manifestation and treatment of affective disorders, and the practicality of widespread utilization of new treatments.
Hypothyroidism in patients with Bipolar I Disorder treated primarily with lithium
- Andrea Fagiolini, David J. Kupfer, John Scott, Holly A. Swartz, David Cook, Danielle M. Novick, Ellen Frank
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- Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale / Volume 15 / Issue 2 / June 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 May 2011, pp. 123-127
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Aims – This study evaluated the frequency and clinical significance of abnormal Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Free Thyroxine Index (FTI) in patients with bipolar I disorder treated primarily with lithium. Method – We evaluated the medical records of 143 participants in the Pittsburgh study of Maintenance Therapies in Bipolar Disorder who did not have a thyroid abnormality at entry. Results – Thirty-six percent of the 143 patients developed abnormal TSH and/or FTI values. Thirty-eight percent of the 135 patients who received lithium developed abnormal TSH and/or FTI, spent significantly longer time in the acute treatment phase (t = -3.6, df = 133, p = .0004), and had significantly higher mean Hamilton Scale for Depression scores over the course of the maintenance phase (t = -2.3, df = 71.6, p = .03). Time on lithium and development of abnormal TSH and/or FTI were positively correlated (r = .25, p = .004). Conclusions – Thyroid dysfunction can be frequent in patients exposed to lithium treatment for bipolar I disorder; it also appears to be correlated with a slower response to acute treatment, and may be related to poorer quality of long-term remission. A prospective study is needed to confirm our findings and determine whether more aggressive thyroid replacement can optimize thyroid function to facilitate clinical recovery.
Declaration of Interest: Supported in part by National Institute of Mental Health Grants MH 029618 (Drs. Frank and Fagiolini) and MH 030915 (Drs. Kupfer and Fagiolini), and the Bosin Memorial Fund of The Pittsburgh Foundation (Drs. Fagiolini, Kupfer, Cook, Scott, Novick and Frank). Dr. Fagiolini is on the advisory board and a consultant to Pfizer Inc, and Bristol Myers Squibb, and is on the speaker bureau of Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly Italy, Pfizer Inc, and Shire. Dr. Frank is on the advisory board of Pfizer Inc. and Eli Lilly & Company, and is a consultant to Pfizer Italia and Sender Amerique. Dr. Kupfer is on the advisory board of Pfizer, Inc., Forest Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Solvay-Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, and is a consultant to Servier Amerique.
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- By Gregory S. Aaen, Maria Pia Amato, Laura J. Balcer, Brenda Banwell, Amit Bar-Or, Khurram Bashir, Anita L. Belman, Susan Bennett, Dorothée Chabas, Tanuja Chitnis, Russell C. Dale, Angelo Ghezzi, Jin S. Hahn, Folker Hanefeld, Deborah Hertz, R. Q. Hintzen, Sunny Im-Wang, Laura J. Julian, Lauren B. Krupp, Nancy L. Kuntz, Grant T. Liu, Timothy Lotze, Andrew McKeon, Maria Milazzo, Ellen M. Mowry, Jayne Ness, Frank S. Pidcock, Immacolata Plasmati, Daniela Pohl, Christel Renoux, Moses Rodriguez, Martino Ruggieri, A. D. Sadovnick, Guillaume Sébire, Isabella Simone, Bruno P. Soares, Jonathan Strober, Esther Tantsis, Marc Tardieu, Silvia Tenembaum, Maria Trojano, Sunita Venkateswaran, Amy T. Waldman, Emmanuelle L. Waubant, Bianca Weinstock-Guttman, Max Wintermark, E. Ann Yeh
- Edited by Dorothée Chabas, University of California, San Francisco, Emmanuelle L. Waubant, University of California, San Francisco
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- Book:
- Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System in Childhood
- Published online:
- 11 April 2011
- Print publication:
- 17 March 2011, pp vii-ix
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- By Robert Acosta, Elizabeth M. Alderman, Dan Barlev, Stephen M. Blumberg, Katherine J. Chou, Anthony J. Ciorciari, Christina M. Coyle, Ellen F. Crain, Sandra J. Cunningham, Joan Di Martino-Nardi, Nancy Dougherty, Glenn Fennelly, Sheila Fallon Friedlander, Jeffrey C. Gershel, Michael H. Gewitz, Beatrice Goilav, Michael Gorn, Waseem Hafeez, Dominic Hollman, Olga Jimenez, Carl Kaplan, Jeffrey Keller, Sergey Kunkov, Carolyn Lederman, Martin Lederman, Stephanie R. Lichten, Julie Lin, Stephen Ludwig, Svetlana Lvovich, Frank A. Maffei, Soe Mar, Robert W. Marion, Morri Markowitz, Daniel Mason, Teresa McCann, Alexandra D. McCollum, Mary Mehlman, James Meltzer, Scott Miller, Kirsten Roberts, Michael Rosenberg, Joy Samanich, David P. Sole, Preeti Venkataraman, Joshua Vova, Mark Weinblatt, Paul K. Woolf, Loren Yellin
- Edited by Ellen F. Crain, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, Jeffrey C. Gershel, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York
- Edited in association with Sandra J. Cunningham
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- Book:
- Clinical Manual of Emergency Pediatrics
- Published online:
- 10 January 2011
- Print publication:
- 02 December 2010, pp x-xiv
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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Cone visual pigments of monotremes: Filling the phylogenetic gap
- MATTHEW J. WAKEFIELD, MARK ANDERSON, ELLEN CHANG, KE-JUN WEI, RAJINDER KAUL, JENNIFER A. MARSHALL GRAVES, FRANK GRÜTZNER, SAMIR S. DEEB
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- Journal:
- Visual Neuroscience / Volume 25 / Issue 3 / May 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 July 2008, pp. 257-264
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We have determined the sequence and genomic organization of the genes encoding the cone visual pigment of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), and inferred their spectral properties and evolutionary pathways. We prepared platypus and echidna retinal RNA and used primers of the middle-wave-sensitive (MWS), long-wave-sensitive (LWS), and short-wave sensitive (SWS1) pigments corresponding to coding sequences that are highly conserved among mammals; to PCR amplify the corresponding pigment sequences. Amplification from the retinal RNA revealed the expression of LWS pigment mRNA that is homologous in sequence and spectral properties to the primate LWS visual pigments. However, we were unable to amplify the mammalian SWS1 pigment from these two species, indicating this gene was lost prior to the echidna-platypus divergence (∼21 MYA). Subsequently, when the platypus genome sequence became available, we found an LWS pigment gene in a conserved genomic arrangement that resembles the primate pigment, but, surprisingly we found an adjacent (∼20 kb) SWS2 pigment gene within this conserved genomic arrangement. We obtained the same result after sequencing the echidna genes. The encoded SWS2 pigment is predicted to have a wavelength of maximal absorption of about 440 nm, and is paralogous to SWS pigments typically found in reptiles, birds, and fish but not in mammals. This study suggests the locus control region (LCR) has played an important role in the conservation of photo receptor gene arrays and the control of their spatial and temporal expression in the retina in all mammals. In conclusion, a duplication event of an ancestral cone visual pigment gene, followed by sequence divergence and selection gave rise to the LWS and SWS2 visual pigments. So far, the echidna and platypus are the only mammals that share the gene structure of the LWS-SWS2 pigment gene complex with reptiles, birds and fishes.
9 - The Economic Burden of Buruli Ulcer Disease on Households in Rural Ghana
- from Part III - Globalization, Development, and Health
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- By Frank N. F. Dadzie, Clark Atlanta University, Ellen A. S. Whitney, Gerald M. Mumma, Economics Branch
- Edited by Toyin Falola, University of Texas at Austin, Matthew M. Heaton, University of Texas at Austin
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- Book:
- HIV/AIDS, Illness, and African Well-Being
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 05 February 2013
- Print publication:
- 25 June 2007, pp 199-209
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Summary
Buruli ulcer (BU) is a little understood, severely debilitating skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans that has serious health and economic consequences. The slow growing environmental Mycobacterium clinically manifests as papules, nodules, plaques, edema, ulcers, and scars with or without contracture. Although its mode of transmission is not fully understood, the disease-carrying agent has been identified as belonging to the family of pathogens that cause tuberculosis and leprosy.
BU begins as a painless nodule. If not treated early, the organism gains access to the subcutaneous tissue and develops a unique toxin called mycolactane that suppresses the immune system, and invades the lymphatic system and blood vessels of the patient. The patient feels no pain until it is too late, by which time the patient's skin tissue and other vital organs have been severely damaged. The result is extensive scarring, permanent disability, or in very rare cases even death. Medical treatments for the lesions are generally disappointing, leaving wide surgical excision as the only effective treatment. Generally, treatment involves hospitalization for debridement and skin grafting, which frequently has to be repeated. Current epidemiological studies reveal lopsided prevalence rates among children between the ages of 2 and 14, although the disease is not confined to any specific age group.
Few studies have assessed the economic impact of BU on its victims. With the exception of two studies, one in the Côte d'Ivoire and the other in Australia, most of the existing research on the economic aspects of the disease has been conducted in Ghana, one of the most severly affected countries.