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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Bacterial flora of Tasmanian SIDS infants with special reference to pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli
- S. S. Bettiol, F. J. Radcliff, A. L. C. Hunt, J. M. Goldsmid
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 112 / Issue 2 / April 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 May 2009, pp. 275-284
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The general bacterial flora of 38 Tasmanian SIDS infants was examined together with faecal flora of 134 comparison infants ranging in age from birth to 6 months. The microflora of all specimens received was investigated with special emphasis on the toxigenic Escherichia coli (TEC). Samples were examined for verocytotoxigenic E. coli, free faecal verocytotoxin (FVT), heat labile toxin (LT) and heat stable toxin (ST) producers with the use of a Vero cell assay and commercial kits. The findings of this study revealed a high isolation rate (39%) of TEC from SIDS infants as compared to 1.5% from the healthy comparison infants. Atypical E. coli strains were also identified during the study, including E. coli A–D. An analysis of the same specimens for rotaviral and adenoviral antigens indicated that 30% of the SIDS cases were positive as compared to 20% in the comparison group.
The effect of varying the quality of dietary protein and energy on food intake and growth in the Zucker rat
- J. D. Radcliffe, A. J. F. Webster
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 41 / Issue 1 / January 1979
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 December 2008, pp. 111-124
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- January 1979
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1. Food intake and rates of protein, lipid and energy deposition were measured for lean and obese (fatty) Zucker rats offered to appetite from 34 d of age to slaughter at 66 d of age, one of sixteen semi-synthetic diets. Measurements were also made of the digestibility of dietary protein and the metabolizability of dietary energy. Total carcasses were analysed for protein and lipid, and body energy was calculated thereby. Changes in body constituents were calculated by the comparative-slaughter technique.
2. In Expt 1, four rats of each phenotype and sex were offered one of four diets, each of which contained either 150 or 300 g casein (150 C and 300 C respectively)/kg and either 150 or 300 g cellulose (150 CELL and 300 CELL respectively)/kg (diets 150 C/150 CELL, 150 C/300 CELL, 300 C/150 CELL and 300 C/300 CELL. As expected, males ate more and had higher rates of protein deposition than female animals of the same phenotype on all diets. These sex differences were greater for the lean phenotype. The results for animals in this experiment are presented with, and discussed in relation to, those obtained previously for animals of both sexes fed on cellulose-free diets having these two levels of casein.
3. In Expt 2, four female animals of each phenotype were fed one of twelve semi-synthetic diets, each of which contained casein, gluten or zein at one of the following levels (g crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25)/kg diet): 93, 132, 267 or 627. On all diets containing zein both fatty and lean rats had similar, low food intakes and failed to grow. Fatty rats fed on diets containing casein or gluten had higher rates of food intake, weight gain, lipid and energy deposition than leanrats, but similar rates of protein deposition. Rats fed on diets having the two lower levels of casein ate more and grew better than animals of the same phenotype fed on the two corresponding diets containing gluten but at higher protein levels differences in food intake and growth attributable to differences in protein quality disappeared and furthermore, the rate of protein deposition became similar and maximal for both phenotypes.
4. The results from both experiments are discussed in relation to previous work on appetite control in the Zucker rat. It appears that fatty and lean rats eat during growth to attain the maximal rate of protein deposition of which they are capable. The rate of lipid deposition would appear to be of no importance in the food intake regulation of animals depositing protein maximally.
5. Rats given diets that fail to support maximal rates of protein deposition appear to regulate their intake of digestible energy rather than that of digestible protein. They do not overeat protein-deficient diets in order to acquire sufficient protein for maximal growth although the factors that induce satiety in these animals are unknown.
Sex, body composition and regulation of food intake during growth in the Zucker rat
- J. D. Radcliffe, A. J. F. Webster
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 39 / Issue 3 / May 1978
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- 26 April 2012, pp. 483-492
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- May 1978
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1. Food intake and rates of protein, lipid and energy deposition during growth were measured for lean and congenitally obese (fatty) Zucker rats offered from 34 d of age to slaughter at 66 d of age, one of six semi-synthetic diets containing casein (C) in the following amounts (g C/kg): 40C, 100C, 150C, 300C, 500C and 700C.
2. In Expt 1, groups of four male rats were offered each diet to appetite. The digestibility of dietary protein and metabolizability of dietary energy were determined. Total carcasses were analysed for protein, energy and lipid at 34 and 66 d of age. The results showed that, given diets containing 300C or above, both fatty and lean males regulate food intake so as to sustain a maximal rate of protein deposition. This maximal rate was greater in males than in females, and the sex difference was more marked in lean rats. Diets containing less than 300C did not permit maximal protein deposition and, in this instance, both sexes and phenotypes showed a similar reduction in food intake and protein deposition. The rate of deposition of body lipid did not appear to be controlled in either phenotype.
3. In Expt 2, fatty and lean rats were pair-fed diets 100C and 500C. Carcass composition at 66 d of age confirmed that obesity in the fatty rat was not due to hyperphagia but to an abnormal pattern of energy utilization between fat deposition (too much), and protein deposition and heat production (too little).
4. In Expt 3, fatty and lean, male and female rats were given diets 100C and 500C to slaughter at 66 d of age. The carcasses were analysed into different parts by weight, and according to protein and lipid contents of viscera, pelt and subcutaneous fat, and empty carcass. Fatty rats stored approximately 0.53 of their protein in the empty carcass, lean rats approximately 0.65.
5. The results confirm that food intake in the Zucker rat is intimately related to the capacity of the animals for protein deposition, but this capacity differs between sexes and between phenotypes, and the distribution of body protein in the fatty rat eating ad lib. is not that of a normal rat.
Regulation of food intake during growth in fatty and lean female Zucker rats given diets of different protein content
- J. D. Radcliffe, A. J. F. Webster
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 36 / Issue 3 / November 1976
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 March 2007, pp. 457-469
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- November 1976
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1. Food intake, and the rates of protein, lipid and energy deposition during growth were measured for lean and congenitally obese (fatty) female Zucker rats given diets of different protein content ad lib. Six semi-synthetic diets were used, which contained 40, 100, 150, 300, 500 and 700 g casein/kg (diets 40C, 100C, 150C, 300C, 500C and 700C).
2. Dietary treatments began when the rats were 34 or 35 d old. Collections of urine and faeces were analysed for energy content. The total carcasses of all the rats were analysed individually for protein, lipid and energy.
3. In the first experiment, twelve rats of each phenotype were given diets 150C or 300C. Four fatty and four lean rats were killed at 50, 66 and 98 d of age. In the second experiment groups of four fatty and four lean rats were given diets 40C, 100C, 500C and 700C ad lib. until they were killed at 66 d of age. Other groups of fatty rats were pair-fed from 35 to 67 d of age on diets 100C and 500C. Rats were also killed at 24 and 34 d of age to provide initial samples for the comparative slaughter procedure.
4. When given food ad lib., fatty and lean rats had identical rates of protein deposition at all ages and for all diets, but lipid and energy deposition were always much greater in the fatty rats. Food intake was also much greater for the fatty rats (except on diet 40C). Differences in food intake and growth rate attributable to diet were most pronounced for the range of diets 40C-150C.
5. Fatty rats pair-fed to lean rats deposited less protein but about twice as much energy and lipid as lean rats on the same diets.
6. The results are discussed in relation to existing theories of appetite control. It appears that food intake is precisely regulated in the congenitally obese Zucker rat. This regulation is intimately linked with the impetus for protein deposition and the rates of retention of lipid and energy appear to be of no importance in relation to appetite control.
Periodic omission of dairy cow milkings: I. Effect on milk yield and composition and on udder health
- J. C. Radcliffe, L. F. Bailey, M. L. Horne
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- Journal:
- Journal of Dairy Research / Volume 40 / Issue 2 / June 1973
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 June 2009, pp. 247-254
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- June 1973
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Forty-five Friesian cows were assigned to one of 3 milking management treatments: (1) cows milked 14 times weekly, (2) cows milked 13 times weekly (Wednesday morning milking omitted), and (3) cows milked 12 times weekly (Tuesday evening and Wednesday morning milkings omitted). Cows were removed from the trial at the end of their lactations, and newly calved cows were added as they became available. The trial was continued for 12 months.
When one milking was omitted weekly, the total lactational milk yield was reduced by 3·5%, fat yield by 2% and protein yield by 1·5%. These reductions were not statistically significant. When 2 consecutive milkings were omitted, the yield of milk and of its main components was reduced by 14% (P < 0·001). The effects were greatest for highly productive cows in early lactation.
When one or 2 milkings were omitted the milk yield on the following day was nearly 50% greater than the mean daily yield. No increase in the incidence of subclinioal mastitis was observed in either milking omission treatment.
It is concluded that it is practicable to omit one milking each week though it is suggested that the technique should not be used in highly productive herds unless most of the cows are past the sixth week of lactation.
Periodic omission of dairy cow milkings: II. Effect on the composition and processing properties of herd milk
- L. F. Bailey, J. C. Radcliffe, A. F. Hehir
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- Journal:
- Journal of Dairy Research / Volume 40 / Issue 2 / June 1973
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 June 2009, pp. 255-261
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- June 1973
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Forty-five Friesian cows were assigned to one of 3 milking management treatments: (1) cows milked 14 times weekly, (2) cows milked 13 times weekly (Wednesday morning milking omitted) and (3) cows milked 12 times weekly (Tuesday evening and Wednesday morning milkings omitted). The trial continued for 12 months.
Milking omission led to compositional changes in herd milk similar to those described for subclinical mastitis, including increases in pH, chloride level and cell count. Alterations in processing properties consistent with these changes were encountered. Heat stability and curd firmness were affected by extending the milking interval, but the magnitude and direction of the effects varied.
Where only one milking was omitted weekly, herd milk arriving at cheese or powdered-milk factories would not be expected to cause any serious technical difficulties. Omission of 2 consecutive milkings a week would cause processing difficulties where milk was to be condensed or dried, since the maximum heat stability obtained by pH adjustment was reduced.