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This paper studies the market microstructure implications of uninformed trading volume. We capture uninformed volume using spikes in retail trading triggered by weekly advertisements (ads) in the Wall Street Journal that are largely duplicates. We report three findings. First, consistent with a positive volume-volatility relation, stock price volatility amplifies on recurring ad days. Second, informed investors time liquidity to trade more aggressively on recurring ad days. Third, despite the increase in informed trading on such days, price impact is lower, yielding a negative volume–price impact relation. Collectively, the evidence supports the theoretical predictions of Collin-Dufresne and Fos (2016).
The 1994 discovery of Shor's quantum algorithm for integer factorization—an important practical problem in the area of cryptography—demonstrated quantum computing's potential for real-world impact. Since then, researchers have worked intensively to expand the list of practical problems that quantum algorithms can solve effectively. This book surveys the fruits of this effort, covering proposed quantum algorithms for concrete problems in many application areas, including quantum chemistry, optimization, finance, and machine learning. For each quantum algorithm considered, the book clearly states the problem being solved and the full computational complexity of the procedure, making sure to account for the contribution from all the underlying primitive ingredients. Separately, the book provides a detailed, independent summary of the most common algorithmic primitives. It has a modular, encyclopedic format to facilitate navigation of the material and to provide a quick reference for designers of quantum algorithms and quantum computing researchers.
Retracted research publications reached an all-time high in 2023, and COVID-19 publications may have higher retraction rates than other publications. To better understand the impact of COVID-19 on the research literature, we analyzed 244 retracted publications related to COVID-19 in the PubMed database and the reasons for their retraction. Peer-review manipulation (18.4%) and error (20.9%) were the most common reasons for retraction, with time to retraction occurring far more quickly than in the past (13.2 mos, compared with 32.9 mos in a 2012 study). Publications focused on controversial topics were retracted rapidly (mean time to retraction 10.8 mos) but continued to receive media attention, suggesting that retraction alone may be insufficient to prevent the spread of scientific misinformation. More than half of the retractions resulted from problems that could have been detected prior to publication, including compromise of the peer review process, plagiarism, authorship issues, lack of ethics approvals, or journal errors, suggesting that more robust screening and peer review by journals can help to mitigate the recent rise in retractions.
Evidence in the literature confirms that advance care planning (ACP) discussions, assumed to benefit patients, their caregivers, and clinicians, occur at various rates, lower than intended and not as early as thought to be beneficial. The literature, however, provides limited reasons why this trend continues. When ACP discussions do occur, particularly between clinicians and patients with advanced-stage cancer, we have even less understanding of the ACP experience. Thus, the goal of our study was to characterize patient beliefs and experiences pertaining to ACP discussions, and to explore factors that may be associated with patient experiences. One hundred adults with advanced cancer participated in this cross-sectional survey study. The majority (63%) had heard about ACP, and 81% believed that health care providers should have ACP discussions with their patients. However, only 23% of participants in this sample had an ACP discussion. Among those who reported having an ACP discussion, 74% indicated that they spoke with family members about ACP, and 48% reported having spoken with their oncologist about ACP. Among those who had not had an ACP discussion with a health care provider, commonly reported reasons for not doing so included the respondent’s desire to speak with family members first and the perception that one was not sick enough to need such a discussion yet. These findings can be used to inform the development of future interventions to improve provider communication about ACP and enhance patient experiences around ACP discussions.
This paper addresses the persistent ambiguity in the evaluation of legitimate expectations within investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS), critically examining this through Fuller’s interactional theory. Traditional approaches fail to adequately capture the evolving socio-economic contexts and the dynamic nature of investor–state interactions. This paper introduces a novel analytical model that integrates Fuller’s principles, emphasizing continuous dialogue and mutual understanding between investors and host states. By shifting focus from static legal interpretations to interaction-based assessments, this framework provides a more equitable and context-sensitive method for adjudicating legitimate expectations. The research offers significant academic contributions by redefining the foundational principles of legitimate expectations in ISDS, highlighting the necessity of procedural fairness and shared understanding. Practically, it proposes actionable guidelines for tribunals and policymakers to enhance the legitimacy and predictability of investment arbitration. This includes revising bilateral investment treaties (BITs) for explicit policy disclosure and fostering ongoing communication between parties. The adoption of Fuller’s interactional theory in ISDS not only clarifies legal ambiguities but also promotes a more cooperative and transparent investment climate, ultimately benefiting both investors and host states.
In this article, the performance analysis and multiobjective structure optimization of 4RRR parallel mechanism are carried out. Firstly, the 4RRR pure rotation parallel mechanism and its design route are introduced. Secondly, the Jacobian matrices in 2DoF pure rotation and 3DoF pure rotation modes are derived using the motion equations of the mechanism. Next, the singularity analysis, kinematic dexterity analysis, dynamic dexterity analysis, and stiffness analysis of the mechanism are carried out, respectively, and it is proved that there is no singularity in the mechanism in its workspace. Since the dexterity performance expression is a nonlinear piecewise function, the kinematic local comprehensive dexterity index and the dynamic local comprehensive dexterity index are proposed as the objects of analysis. Furthermore, the kinematic global comprehensive dexterity index, the dynamic global comprehensive dexterity index, and the global comprehensive stiffness index are proposed to carry out the multiobjective structural optimization. Finally, NSGA3 was used to complete the optimization, and the comprehensive optimal solution of the structure size was obtained.
The cumulative effects of long-term exposure to pandemic-related stressors and the severity of social restrictions may have been important determinants of mental distress in the time of COVID-19.
Aim
This study aimed to investigate mental health among a cohort of Chinese university students over a 28-month period, focusing on the effects of lockdown type.
Methods
Depression, anxiety, stress and fear of COVID-19 infection were measured ten times among 188 Chinese students (females 77.7%, meanage = 19.8, s.d.age = 0.97), every 3 months: from prior to the emergence of COVID-19 in November 2019 (T1) to March 2022 (T10).
Results
Initially depression, anxiety and stress dipped from T1 to T2, followed by a sudden increase at T3 and a slow upward rise over the remainder of the study period (T3 to T10). When locked down at university, participants showed greater mental distress compared with both home lockdown (d = 0.35–0.48) and a no-lockdown comparison period (d = 0.28–0.40). Conversely, home lockdown was associated with less anxiety and stress (d = 0.19 and 0.21, respectively), but not with depression (d = 0.13) compared with a no-lockdown period.
Conclusions
This study highlights the cumulative effects of exposure to COVID-19 stressors over time. It also suggests that the way in which a lockdown is carried out can impact the well-being of those involved. Some forms of lockdown appear to pose a greater threat to mental health than others.
With a security alliance with the United States and deep economic relations with China, South Korea faces complex foreign policy choices amid US–China competition. A critical decision is whether to join the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad), a US-led grouping widely viewed as aiming to counter China in the Indo-Pacific. The choice depends on its domestic politics as much as its relationships with both superpowers. Using a public opinion survey with a priming experiment, we investigate South Korean citizens’ preferences regarding the Quad. We find that, without additional information, nearly half of the respondents supported joining the Quad. Yet neither mentioning the security benefits of joining the Quad nor mentioning the potential economic costs associated with Chinese retaliation for joining the Quad changed their level of support. Nor did we detect any treatment heterogeneity. Beyond the experiment, we find that threat perceptions and party affiliation are strongly correlated with respondents’ preferences.
The difference between people's valuations of gains and losses has been widely observed in both single trial and repeated trial experiments, as well as in survey responses and in commonplace behavior. However, the results of some Vickrey auction experiments indicate that the disparity may decrease, or even disappear, over repeated trials. This paper reports the results of two further repeated Vickrey auction experiments that test the impact of both a second price and a ninth price auction rule on valuations. Although valuations should be independent of this variation in the exchange price rule, the manipulation had a dramatic impact on subjects’ stated values of a common market good. The results suggest that the endowment effect remains robust over repeated trials, and that contrary to common understanding, the Vickrey auction may elicit differing demands dependent on the context of the valuation.
This study examined the relationship between total body fat percentage (TBFP), trunk fat percentage (TFP), and urinary flow rate (UFR) using NHANES data (2011–2018) from 10 521 participants aged 18–59. Multivariable-adjusted regression models assessed associations between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-measured fat percentages and UFR. Results showed that increased TBFP and TFP were inversely associated with UFR (TBFP: β = −0·013, 95 % CI [–0·018, −0·007]; TFP: β = –0·014, 95 % CI [–0·018, −0·009]). Stratified analyses revealed gender differences: in males, higher TBFP and TFP correlated with lower UFR (TBFP: β = –0·011, 95 % CI [−0·019, −0·004]; TFP: β = –0·016, 95 % CI [−0·022, −0·009]), but this association was absent in males aged 18–35. In females, both TBFP and TFP were consistently linked to reduced UFR across all age groups (TBFP: β = −0·016, 95 % CI [−0·023, −0·008]; TFP: β = −0·012, 95 % CI [−0·019, −0·006]). These findings suggest that body and trunk fat accumulation negatively impact UFR, with stronger effects in females and age-dependent variations in males. Further research should explore mechanisms behind these disparities to guide targeted interventions.
Immunological castration can be an alternative to traditional surgical castration. The active immunization against GnRH or kisspeptin has a castrating effect. To date, the fusion protein vaccine of combination with GnRH and kisspeptin have not been studied. Thus, the present study will develop a GnRH6-kisspeptin vaccine by genetic engineering method and investigate its immunocastration effect in male rats. Twenty 20-day-old male rats were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (n=10) and the immunization group (n=10). The initial immunization took place at week 0 followed by three booster doses administered intervals. The control group received an equivalent dose of white oil adjuvant. Orbital blood samples were collected at various time points following the initial immunization, at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks, respectively. The entire left testis was weighed and its volume measured at week 12. Samples from the right testis were obtained for histological analysis. Serum levels of GnRH and kisspeptin antibodies, as well as testosterone levels were determined using ELISA. The results showed that the serum levels of GnRH and kisspeptin antibody titres of the immunized rats were significantly higher compared to the control group (P<0.05). Additionally, the testosterone concentration was effectively reduced following the intensified immunization. The testes of the immunized group exhibited a reduction in size and a significant decrease in the number of spermatogonia in the testicular tissue compared to the control group (P<0.05). These data indicate that the recombinant GnRH6-kisspeptin protein effectively induced immunological castration in rats.
Let X be a smooth projective variety over a complete discretely valued field of mixed characteristic. We solve non-Archimedean Monge–Ampère equations on X assuming resolution and embedded resolution of singularities. We follow the variational approach of Boucksom, Favre, and Jonsson proving the continuity of the plurisubharmonic envelope of a continuous metric on an ample line bundle on X. We replace the use of multiplier ideals in equicharacteristic zero by the use of perturbation friendly test ideals introduced by Bhatt, Ma, Patakfalvi, Schwede, Tucker, Waldron, and Witaszek building upon previous constructions by Hacon, Lamarche, and Schwede.
A novel high-selectivity ultra-wideband (UWB) balanced bandpass filter (BPF) with harmonic suppression characteristics is proposed. The differential-mode UWB passband is constructed using quarter-wavelength asymmetrical parallel-coupled transmission lines, resulting in sharp filtering selectivity, while common-mode noises are suppressed by loading the T-type stubs. A simple design method of integrating bandstop filter branches into the BPF for third harmonic suppression without increasing the circuit size is described and confirmed. A planar high-selectivity balanced BPF prototype is manufactured and measured at 2.6 GHz with a measured 3-dB fractional bandwidth of 108% to validate the framework principle. More importantly, with third harmonic suppression characteristics, the measured out-of-band rejection is more than 20 dB, spanning 4.35 GHz until 12.4 GHz.
We examine whether the heterogeneity of expectations is associated with idiosyncratic variations in experience. Combining household survey data and administrative data from the Netherlands, we find that given market development, households’ expectations about house price changes vary with their individual experience. This association is related to the use of information conveyed by experience, which varies in terms of informativeness, recency, and household sophistication. Finally, we find that individual experience also explains how far house price expectations deviate from realized house prices and that it may affect household behavior. Our findings elucidate the role that individual experience plays in expectation formation.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous condition characterized by significant intersubject variability in clinical presentations. Recent neuroimaging studies have indicated that MDD involves altered brain connectivity across widespread regions. However, the variability in abnormal connectivity among MDD patients remains understudied.
Methods
Utilizing a large, multi-site dataset comprising 1,276 patients with MDD and 1,104 matched healthy controls, this study aimed to investigate the intersubject variability of structural covariance (IVSC) and functional connectivity (IVFC) in MDD.
Results
Patients with MDD demonstrated higher IVSC in the precuneus and lingual gyrus, but lower IVSC in the medial frontal gyrus, calcarine, cuneus, and cerebellum anterior lobe. Conversely, they exhibited an overall increase in IVFC across almost the entire brain, including the middle frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, insula, striatum, and precuneus. Correlation and mediation analyses revealed that abnormal IVSC was positively correlated with gray matter atrophy and mediated the relationship between abnormal IVFC and gray matter atrophy. As the disease progressed, IVFC increased in the left striatum, insula, right lingual gyrus, posterior cingulate, and left calcarine. Pharmacotherapy significantly reduced IVFC in the right insula, superior temporal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule. Furthermore, we found significant but distinct correlations between abnormal IVSC and IVFC and the distribution of neurotransmitter receptors, suggesting potential molecular underpinnings. Further analysis confirmed that abnormal patterns of IVSC and IVFC were reproducible and MDD specificity.
Conclusions
These results elucidate the heterogeneity of abnormal connectivity in MDD, underscoring the importance of addressing this heterogeneity in future research.
Xiangranggounan is an intensively occupied settlement associated with the Kayue culture on the north-eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Excavations in 2022 and 2023 revealed five house types with clear stratigraphic relationships that help to expand current understanding of the evolution of prehistoric settlement patterns in harsh plateau environments.
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with increased risks of autoimmune diseases. However, data are scarce on the role of specific ACEs as well as the potential mediating role of adverse mental health symptoms in this association.
Methods
A cohort study using the nationwide Icelandic Stress-And-Gene-Analysis (SAGA, 22,423 women) cohort and the UK Biobank (UKB, 86,492 women) was conducted. Participants self-reported on five ACEs. Twelve autoimmune diseases were self-reported in SAGA and identified via hospital records in UKB. Poisson regression was used to assess the cross-sectional association between ACEs and autoimmune diseases in both cohorts. Using longitudinal data on self-reported mental health symptoms in the UKB, we used causal mediation analyses to study potential mediation by depressive, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms in the association between ACEs and autoimmune diseases.
Results
The prevalence of ACEs was 50% in SAGA and 35% in UKB, while the prevalence of autoimmune diseases was 29% (self-reported) and 14% (clinically confirmed), respectively. In both cohorts, ACEs were associated with an increased prevalence ratio (PR) of any studied autoimmune disease in a dose–response manner (PR = 1.10 (95%CI = 1.08–1.12) per ACE), particularly for Sjögrens (PR = 1.34), polymyalgia rheumatica (PR = 1.20), rheumatoid arthritis (PR = 1.14), systemic lupus erythematosus (PR = 1.13), and thyroid disease (PR = 1.11). Sexual abuse and physical and emotional neglect were consistently associated with an elevated prevalence of autoimmune diseases when including all ACEs in the model. Approximately one fourth of the association was mediated through depression, anxiety, and PTSD.
Conclusions
These findings based on two large cohorts indicate a role of ACEs and corresponding mental health distress in autoimmune diseases among adult women.