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Edited by
Sattar Alshryda, Al Jalila Children’s Specialty Hospital, Dubai Academic Health Corporation, Dubai UAE,Stan Jones, Al Ahli Hospital, Qatar,Paul A. Banaszkiewicz, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead
Congenital dislocation of the knee (CDK) is a relatively rare congenital condition where one or both knees are either hyperextended, subluxed, or dislocated. The reasons are not very well understood.
Examination of the knee joint begins with standing the patient, then asking them to walk. Look for any lurch and observe the foot and patella progression angles. Next ask the patient to sit with their legs hanging over the couch. Observe the patella height and tracking. Then palpate for an effusion and for areas of tenderness. After this, examine the cruciate and collateral ligaments. Depending on the findings, so far further special tests would be a dial test for the posterolateral corner, meniscal stimulation tests or patellofemoral tests. Included in the chapter is clinical evaluation of the acutely injured knee in the child.
In this chapter, the general system of examining the various joints in the body is described. Most joints will follow the look, feel, move system, whereas some –for example, the elbow, wrist and ankle – will be best examined using the look, move, feel system.
Other concepts such as gait, generalized laxity, assessment of power and sensory testing are included. Listed at the end of the chapter are examples of how to approach ‘difficult situations’ that the reader may face in clinical practice or in examinations.
Brachial plexus examination is described in a simple manner for this difficult topic. A drawing of the brachial plexus is included, which is essential knowledge for learning to examine the brachial plexus. The system is: look, feel, move.
Inspection includes looking for Horner’s syndrome, which may indicate a preganglionic lesion. Palpation is for the presence of the pulse, sweating and the sensory testing. Motor testing is in a sequential manner whereby the examiner tests the myotomes, the muscles supplied by the branches off the roots, the muscles supplied by the branches off the trunks, the muscles supplied by the branches off the cords and then the terminal branches of the brachial plexus.
Included in the chapter is a section on how clinical examination findings influence treatment and also a section on the obstetric brachial plexus.
This chapter includes clinical cases related to pathology in the hip, knee, foot and ankle and the lower limb in general. These include common conditions such as varus or valgus knee arthritis, hallux valgus and the cavovarus foot. Much less common conditions such as arthrodesis of the hip and knee, parameniscal cysts and poliomyelitis are also covered. The clinical findings related to each of these cases are explained.
Orthopaedic Examination Techniques comprehensively covers the basic examination skills and key special tests needed to evaluate the adult and paediatric musculoskeletal system. Chapters are presented in a clear and logical way to allow readers to understand then master the techniques of orthopaedic clinical examination. Written by a diverse group of chapter authors with extensive experience in teaching clinical examination and who use a uniform system that is taught on national courses, every aspect of musculoskeletal examination is covered in the adult and paediatric patient. Numerous illustrations and new clinical photographs help readers to visualise and understand the key techniques, and five new chapters at the end of the book demonstrate the value of clinical examination through more than 80 clinical case examples. Easy-to-follow throughout, this book is invaluable reading for trainee orthopaedic surgeons, especially those preparing for the FRCS (Tr&Orth) postgraduate examination, practising orthopaedic surgeons, medical students, physiotherapists, and rheumatologists.
Sterilization is the process that destroys all forms of microbial life and is carried out in healthcare facilities by either chemical or physical methods. Disinfection, however, is a process that eliminates all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores or viruses.
Cleaning is a physical process that removes contamination but does not necessarily destroy microorganisms.
To assess the quality of care provided by lady health workers (LHW) managing cases of uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in the community.
Design
Cross-sectional quality-of-care study.
Setting
The feasibility of the implementation of screening and treatment for uncomplicated SAM in the community by LHW was tested in Sindh Province, Pakistan. An observational, clinical prospective multicentre cohort study compared the LHW-delivered care with the existing outpatient health facility model.
Subjects
LHW implementing treatment for uncomplicated SAM in the community.
Results
Oedema was diagnosed conducted correctly for 87·5 % of children; weight and mid upper-arm circumference were measured correctly for 60·0 % and 57·4 % of children, respectively. The appetite test was conducted correctly for 42·0 % of cases. Of all cases of SAM without complications assessed during the study, 68·0 % received the correct medical and nutrition treatment. The proportion of cases that received the correct medical and nutrition treatment and key counselling messages was 4·0 %.
Conclusions
This quality-of-care study supports existing evidence that LHW are able to identify uncomplicated SAM, and a majority can provide appropriate nutrition and medical treatment in the community. However, the findings also show that their ability to provide the complete package with an acceptable level of care is not assured. Additional evidence on the impact of supervision and training on the quality of SAM treatment and counselling provided by LHW to children with SAM is required. The study has also shown that, as in other sectors, it is essential that operational challenges are addressed in a timely manner and that implementers receive appropriate levels of support, if SAM is to be treated successfully in the community.