Objectives/Goals: To develop and validate a Random Survival Forest model predicting individualized tactile sensory recovery after DIEP flap breast reconstruction, enabling personalized postoperative counseling and future clinical decision-support integration. Methods/Study Population: Neurotized DIEP flap reconstructions (2019-2025) with pressure-specified sensory device testing were analyzed for time to ≥ 50% tactile sensory recovery. A five-variable Random Survival Forest (RSF) (dual vs. single coaptation, BMI, age, operative time, mastectomy weight) was trained on an imputed dataset. Discrimination (C-index; 1 = perfect discrimination, 0.5 = random chance), 12-month accuracy (Brier score; 0 = perfect forecast, 1 = completely inaccurate forecast), and calibration (predicted vs observed recovery quartiles) were assessed. Representative cases illustrate patient-specific recovery curves. Results/Anticipated Results: Of 110 breasts, 60 achieved ≥ 50% recovery. Mean follow-up was 17.1 ± 1.7 months (median 12.8, 95% CI 9.7-19.7). The RSF achieved C-index 0.69. The mean predicted recovery increased from 32.3% at 6.13 months to 49.5% at 11.8 months, 56.2% at 17.7 months, and 60.8% at 24.1 months. Calibration at 12 months by quartiles of predicted recovery showed observed recovery 0% (Q1), 48.8% (Q2), 80.8% (Q3), and 100% (Q4). The corresponding mean predicted probabilities were 17.2%, 43.1%, 62.3%, and 77.0%, respectively. The RSF model demonstrated superior predictive accuracy (Brier = 0.099) compared with a Kaplan-Meier baseline (Brier = 0.247). The low-recovery case had predicted recovery 6.2% at 12 months. The median case tracked the cohort mean: 52.4%. The high-recovery case achieved 81.8% at 12 months. Discussion/Significance of Impact: A five-variable RSF provides individualized recovery trajectories with moderate discrimination and good internal calibration. The tool quantifies time-dependent probabilities and supports the development of a perioperative counseling tool to predict expected tactile recovery after neurotized DIEP flap breast reconstruction.

Continuous-wave diamond Raman lasers (DRLs) operated at high pump power commonly suffer from power roll-off and output instability, even when high-thermal-conductivity gain media are employed. These degradations originate from thermally induced cavity-mode mismatch and cavity-length drift, which limit further power scaling. In this work, we establish a thermo–optical chain-linked model that quantitatively describes the coupled evolution of thermal deposition, equivalent thermal lensing, intracavity-mode matching and output power in high-power DRLs, providing a direct physical link between pump power and cavity-length compensation. Based on this model, a peak–valley co-location criterion is proposed to determine the optimal cavity-length compensation point. Both theoretical and experimental results show that the output power exhibits a single-peak dependence on cavity-length offset, while the power stability follows a U-shaped distribution, and their extrema coincide at an optimal compensation value ΔL*. By operating at ΔL*, the maximum Stokes output power increases from 27 to 32 W, and the root mean square power fluctuation decreases from 4.8% to 3.2%. These results demonstrate that thermal-lens-induced performance degradation can be effectively mitigated by cavity-length compensation using a single control parameter, providing a practical design rule for simultaneous enhancement of output power and stability in high-power Raman laser systems.

We present quasi-continuous-wave (QCW) diode-pumped yellow–orange microchip lasers based on cooperative multi-phonon coupling and self-frequency doubling in Yb3+-doped YCa4O(BO3)3 crystals. QCW pumping at 100 Hz introduces cooling intervals that effectively suppress thermal accumulation. By optimizing the pump duty cycles, microchip yellow lasers at 565 nm and orange lasers at 590 nm were realized with peak powers of 125 and 102 W, respectively. The corresponding single-pulse energies were 4 mJ (yellow) and 2.4 mJ (orange). To the best of our knowledge, these results represent the highest reported peak power and single-pulse energy among all QCW yellow–orange microchip lasers. As a demonstration, the compact orange source was used to excite the fluorescent dye Cyanine 3.5, yielding a 20-fold enhancement in photoluminescence compared to conventional green lasers, indicating its great potential for flow cytometry applications with new laser wavelengths.

This paper provides an overview of the current status of ultrafast and ultra-intense lasers with peak powers exceeding 100 TW and examines the research activities in high-energy-density physics within China. Currently, 10 high-intensity lasers with powers over 100 TW are operational, and about 10 additional lasers are being constructed at various institutes and universities. These facilities operate either independently or are combined with one another, thereby offering substantial support for both Chinese and international research and development efforts in high-energy-density physics.

Waste brownfield-site soils contaminated with heavy metals such as Zn and Cr are of critical environmental concern because of the rapid urbanization and industrialization that is occurring in China. Thermal treatment can fix heavy metals in specific mineral structures, which might be a promising technology for remediation and reutilization of the metal-contaminated soils. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the stabilization mechanisms of Zn and Cr through thermal treatment of mixtures of ZnO + Cr2O3 to form ZnCr2O4 and to confirm that Zn and Cr were incorporated simultaneously into the spinel structure. The incorporation efficiency for Zn was quantified, with the value ranging from 70.6 to 100% over the temperature range 700–1300°C. Leaching results further confirmed that ZnCr2O4 spinel was a superior product for Zn and Cr immobilization. Then, by artificially sintering Zn- and Cr-enriched soils, both Zn and Cr were immobilized effectively (with three orders of magnitude reduction in Zn leachability) in the ZnCr2O4 spinel as the predominant product phase. In addition, multiple heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, and Cr in the actual brownfield-site soils were well immobilized after sintering, which confirmed the potential for practical application of the thermal treatment technology utilized in this study.

The South Qinling block, a segment of the Yangtze craton involved in the Qinling–Dabie orogen, is critical for understanding the tectonic evolution of eastern China. However, the tectonic setting of the South Qinling block and the northern margin of the Yangtze block during middle Neoproterozoic time has long been the subject of debate, with two distinctly different models (continental rift or volcanic arc) proposed. Here, a comprehensive study of zircon U–Pb geochronology and geochemistry has been carried out on the Chengwan granitic pluton from the Suizao terrane in the South Qinling block. The granites are monzogranite and syenogranite in lithology, and are mainly composed of potash feldspar, quartz, plagioclase and biotite. This suite has long been regarded as a Palaeozoic magmatic pluton, but zircon U–Pb ages of 809 ± 9 Ma and 816 ± 4 Ma are obtained in this study. The granites are metaluminous to strongly peraluminous with high alkali contents, and exhibit highly fractionated features, including high SiO2, low Zr/Hf ratios, rare earth element tetrad effects and enrichment of K and Rb. They show Hf–Nd isotopic decoupling, which may be genetically related to their petrogenetic process. Based on the geochemical features and the positive εHf(t) values of the zircons, it is indicated that the granites may have been derived from partial melting of juvenile tonalitic rocks by biotite breakdown under fluid-absent conditions. The Chengwan granite geochemically belongs to the A2-subtype granites, suggesting that it might have formed in a post-orogenic tectonic setting. The highly fractionated A-type granite in this study may represent extensional collapse shortly after the collisional events in the South Qinling block, and thus indicate a tectonic regime switch, from compression to extension, as early as middle Neoproterozoic time. Integrating our new data with documented magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary events during middle Neoproterozoic time in the region may support a continental rift model, and argues against arc models.

This paper presents center frequency and bandwidth switchable substrate integrated waveguide filters loaded with PIN diodes. The diodes are added in the slot on the surface of the resonators to switch the resonant frequencies and the coupling coefficients. Although the introduction of the slot causes extra radiation loss, it is small and acceptable. The proposed center frequency switchable filter has four center frequency switchable states of 1.78, 1.82, 1.88, and 1.91 GHz, while the bandwidth only changes ±0.64%. The bandwidth switchable filter has two states with 3 dB bandwidths of 70 and 103 MHz at a center frequency of 2.08/2.09 GHz. The measured performance of the fabricated filters shows good agreement with the simulation.

This article proposes a bandpass filter with three controllable transmission zeros (TZs) using three inductive-coupled stub-loaded resonators (SLRs). Different from other works, the proposed SLR can create one transmission pole and one TZ. With the TZs above the passband, high stopband rejection level is achieved. Moreover, the K-inverters are realized by short-circuit stubs between two adjacent SLRs. A general synthesis method for this kind of filter is described. For verification, a filter centered at 2.44 GHz with 0.18 GHz bandwidth is designed. The measured results show that the filter has three TZs at 3.1, 3.9, and 5 GHz. With those TZs, the filter's stopband rejection level is greatly improved.

A bulk NbCr2 Laves phase matrix composite toughened with ductile Cr phase has been fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) using pre-alloyed NbCr2 and Cr powders. The sintering behaviour and phase morphological evolution of the sintered alloy were investigated. The results show that a series of microstructure evolutions along the sintering temperature occurred: elongated Cr phase with uniform dispersion of fine NbCr2 and Cr phase → coarse Cr phase with matured fine NbCr2 and Cr → coarse Cr and Nb phases with lamellar eutectics. The microstructural evolution and phase transformation along the sintering temperature are analyzed by considering the inhomogenous temperature distribution and the accelerated atomic diffusion due to the pulsed electric current applied during SPS. The room temperature fracture toughness of the sintered samples is expected to be markedly improved due to the absence of lamellar or the occurrence of ductile Cr and Nb phases.

This paper investigates a wideband and low axial ratio circularly polarized (CP) antenna, which is composed of a monopole on a novel polarization rotating reflective surface (PRRS) based on a corner-truncated artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure. By adjusting the dimensions of truncated corner properly, the PRRS has two polarization rotation (PR) frequency points. Then, a large PR band of 18% (5.55–6.65 GHz) can be achieved with two adjacent PR frequency points coming together. The profile of the newly PRRS is only0.04λ0. With corner-truncated AMC-based PRRS loading, a measured impedance bandwidth of 1.8 GHz (5.4–7.2 GHz) and the 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 1 GHz (5.55–6.65 GHz) could be obtained by the monopole antenna and validated by measurements. The values of AR were well below 1 dB at most of the CP region, which show a perfect CP performance. Moreover, the proposed antenna has exhibited a large axial ratio beamwidth in both the xoz- and yoz-planes and a peak gain of 6.1 dBic within the operational bandwidth.

AZ91 magnesium plates with a thickness of 6 mm were subjected to one- and two-pass friction stir processing (FSP). Microstructures and mechanical properties of the experimental materials were investigated. The results show that FSP can significantly refine the microstructures of magnesium alloys, and two-pass FSP can prepare slightly finer grains in comparison with one-pass FSP. Some coarse β-Mg17Al12 phases existed in the first pass FSP break and dissolve into the matrix under the action of the second pass FSP. Microhardness distribution of the two-pass FSP AZ91 alloy exhibits no too much difference with that of the one-pass FSP AZ91 alloy. Due to further finer microstructures, the tensile properties of the two-pass FSP alloy are slightly higher than those of the one-pass FSP alloy. Both FSP AZ91 alloys show typical ductile fracture characteristics, while the dimples on the two-pass FSP specimen are much deeper and increase in quantity.

A comprehensive geochronological and geochemical study was carried out on the gneissic monzogranites, porphyritic granodiorites and charnockites in the Gaozhou complex of the Yunkai massif in the southern part of the South China block to better understand the Early Palaeozoic tectonic regime of the South China block. Laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb dating of zircons indicates an age of 453.2 ± 5.1 Ma to the formation of the gneissic monzogranites, whereas the porphyritic granodiorites and charnockites were generated at 437.0 ± 1.5 Ma and 435.2 ± 2.2 Ma, respectively. The gneissic monzogranites show geochemical features consistent with the high-K, calc-alkaline rock series and are strongly peraluminous. They have SiO2 contents ranging from 67.75 to 69.65 wt. % and relatively low CaO contents (1.66–1.94 wt. %). Their REE patterns are fractionated with enriched LREEs and negative Eu anomalies. The samples also show enrichment in LILEs (e.g. Rb and K) and Pb, and depletion in Sr, Ba and HFSEs (e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti and P). They have εNd(t) values of −8.2 to −7.7. Conversely, the porphyritic granodiorites and charnockites are characterized as medium-K, calc-alkaline rock series and weakly to strongly peraluminous. They exhibit pronounced depletions in HFSEs and positive Pb anomalies. Compared to the earlier gneissic monzogranites, these rocks have relatively lower SiO2 (65.50–69.36 wt. %), but higher CaO contents (3.34–4.05 wt. %), and have slightly lower εNd(t) values (−9.1 to −8.4). Petrography and geochemical compositions of the gneissic monzogranites indicate that they are S-type granite and likely formed by partial melting of Neoproterozoic to Early Palaeozoic immature metagreywackes; whereas The porphyritic granodiorites and charnockites are A-type granite and likely derived from low degrees of partial melting of the dry, granulitic residue depleted by prior extraction of granitic melt. The new data for the Caledonian granitoids in the Yunkai massif suggest that they were formed in a post-collisional tectonic setting. They represent the earliest post-collisional alkaline magmatism reported so far in the Yunkai massif, and thus indicate a tectonic regime switch, from compression to extension, as early as the Late Ordovician to Early Silurian (~450–435 Ma).

The semilocal convergence of a third-order Newton-like method for solving nonlinear equations is considered. Under a weak condition (the so-called γ-condition) on the derivative of the nonlinear operator, we establish a new semilocal convergence theorem for the Newton-like method and also provide an error estimate. Some numerical examples show the applicability and efficiency of our result, in comparison to other semilocal convergence theorems.

Palaeoproterozic metasedimentary rocks, also referred to as khondalites, characterized by Al-rich minerals, are extensively exposed in the nucleus of the Yangtze craton, South China block. Samples of garnet–sillimanite gneiss in the khondalite suite were collected from the Kongling complex for Nd isotopic and elemental geochemical study. These rocks are characterized by variable SiO2 contents ranging from 35.71 to 58.07 wt%, and have low CaO (0.45–0.84 wt%) but high Al2O3 (18.56–29.04 wt%), Cr (174–334 ppm) and Ni (42.5–153 ppm) contents. They have high CIW (Chemical Index of Weathering) values (90.4–94.7), indicating intense chemical weathering of the source material. The samples display light rare earth elements (LREE) enrichment with negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.40–0.68), and have flat heavy rare earth elements (HREE) patterns. The high contents of transition elements (e.g. Cr, Ni, Sc, V) and moderately radiogenic Nd isotopic compositions suggest that the paragneisses might be those of first-cycle erosion products of predominantly mafic rocks mixing with small amounts of felsic moderately evolved Archaean crustal source. Geochemical and Nd isotopic compositions reveal that at least some of the protoliths of Kongling khondalite were sourced from local pre-existing mafic igneous rocks in a continental arc tectonic setting. Combined with documented zircon U–Pb geochronological data, we propose that the Palaeoproterozoic high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism, rapid weathering, erosion and deposition of the khondalites in the interior of the Yangtze craton might be related to a Palaeoproterozoic collisional orogenic event during 2.1–1.9 Ga, consistent with the worldwide contemporary orogeny, implying that the Yangtze craton may have been an important component of the Palaeoprotorozoic Columbia supercontinent.

An effective multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of three major pathogens, Nosema bombycis Nägeli (Microsporidia: Nosematidae), Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (Baculoviridae: genus Alphabaculovirus) (NPV), and Bombyx mori densovirus (Parvoviridae: genus Iteravirus) (DNV), in silkworms (Bombyx mori (Linnaeus); Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) was developed in this study. Polymerase chain reaction and real-time PCR tests and basic local alignment search tool searches revealed that the primers and probes used in this study had high specificities for their target species. The ability of each primer/probe set to detect pure pathogen DNA was determined using a plasmid dilution panel, in which under optimal conditions the multiplex real-time PCR assay showed high efficiency in the detection of three mixed target plasmids with a detection limit of 8.5×103 copies for N. bombycis and Bombyx mori NPV (BmNPV) and 8.5×104 copies for Bombyx mori DNV (BmDNV). When the ability to detect these three pathogens was examined in artificially inoculated silkworms, our method presented a number of advantages over traditional microscopy, including specificity, sensitivity, and high-throughput capabilities. Under the optimal volume ratio for the three primer/probe sets (3:2:2=N. bombycis:BmNPV:BmDNV), the multiplex real-time PCR assay showed early detection of BmNPV and BmDNV by day 1 post inoculation using DNA templates of the three pathogens in various combinations from individually infected silkworms; the early detection of N. bombycis was possible by day 3 post inoculation using the DNA isolated from the midgut of N. bombycis-infected silkworms.

In this letter, a passive high-selectivity dual-band filter with two controllable transmission zero (TZ) pairs is proposed, while synthesis method and control mechanism of the two TZ pairs are investigated. Specifically, by employing the magnetic/electric mixed coupling (MEMC), source–load coupling (S–L coupling) and stepped-impedance resonators, a dual-band bandpass filter with two pairs of controllable TZs is constructed. Two controllable TZ pairs can be independently adjusted by re-modifying the associated coupling structures. To validate the synthesizability and controllability of the TZ pairs, mathematical synthesis, and EM simulations are carried out. Two demonstrative filters with identical passband performance and different central TZ distributions for GSM (0.9/1.8 GHz) are designed and measured. The analysis and experimental results show that the synthesis-controllable TZ pair (f z2 , fz3) introduced by MEMC can be synthesized and controlled using inline mixed coupling synthesis, and the optimization-controllable TZ pair (fz1, fz4) because of S–L coupling is controlled by S–L coupling strength optimization procedure.

In this paper, the recent studies of laboratory astrophysics with strong magnetic fields in China have been reviewed. On the Shenguang-II laser facility of the National Laboratory on High-Power Lasers and Physics, a laser-driven strong magnetic field up to 200 T has been achieved. The experiment was performed to model the interaction of solar wind with dayside magnetosphere. Also the low beta plasma magnetic reconnection (MR) has been studied. Theoretically, the model has been developed to deal with the atomic structures and processes in strong magnetic field. Also the study of shock wave generation in the magnetized counter-streaming plasmas is introduced.

Potassium titanyl phosphate crystals in both x-cut and z-cut were irradiated with 185 MeV Au ions. The morphology of the resulting ion tracks was investigated using small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). SAXS measurements indicate the presence of cylindrical ion tracks with abrupt boundaries and a density contrast of 1 ± 0.5% compared to the surrounding matrix, consistent with amorphous tracks. The track radius depends on the crystalline orientation, with 6.0 ± 0.1 nm measured for ion tracks along the x-axis and 6.3 ± 0.1 nm for those along the z-axis. TEM images in both cross-section and plan-view show amorphous ion tracks with radii comparable to those determined from SAXS analysis. The protruding hillocks covering the sample surface detected by AFM are consistent with a lower density of the amorphous material within the ion tracks compared to the surrounding matrix. Simulations using an inelastic thermal-spike model indicate that differences in the thermal conductivity along the z- and x-axis can partially explain the different track radii along these directions.