ABSTRACT IMPACT: Analyzing the types of technical assistance (basic, targeted or intensive) provided by the Opioid Response Network (ORN) to unique and hard-to-reach populations (UHRP) informs addiction health services and translational research by identifying technical assistance needs in these populations which may require a higher level of intensity. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To improve ORN dissemination and implementation efforts, the project classifies TA requests into one of three categories: basic, targeted, and intensive. This TA Framework assists the ORN project team in understanding the level of TA required in the delivery of evidence-based practices to address opioids with communities with respect to UHRP. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: TA requests from April 1, 2019, to April 1, 2020, were selected. The ORN classifies TA requests in one of three categories: basic (dissemination & brief consultation), targeted (services to enhance readiness and capacity), and intensive (full incorporation of innovation considering context, culture, and linguistics) (Fixsen, et. al., 2009; Becker, et al., 2020). Unique and hard-to-reach populations (UHRP) are defined based on physical location (i.e., remote or isolated), social position, or other vulnerabilities (i.e. member of an ethnic or racial minority group) (Thurman, & Harrison, 2020). ORN classifies 26 types of UHRP these types are not mutually exclusive. A frequency analysis of the UHRP types was conducted. Bivariate correlations between UHRP types that had a minimum of 30 cases were performed. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among 746 TA requests selected, 226 had missing information about UHRP types and 29 had missing information TA levels. These requests were excluded from the frequency analysis. The three most common UHRP types were people living in rural or remote areas (n=262, 50%), people who are uninsured or underinsured (n=162, 31%), and people who inject drugs (n=158, 30%). Most TA requests were targeted (69%), 23% were intensive, and 9% were basic. Bivariate correlations were performed between 21 UHRP types. Moderate (Pearson’s r=0.4-0.6) or strong correlations (r>0.6) were found for 11 occurrences for the UHRP type of ‘LGBT’, 8 for ‘Mental Illness’, and 7 for ‘Veterans’. Strong correlations were found between ‘Justice Involved’ and ‘Incarcerated’ (r=0.645), and between ‘Disabilities’ and ‘Chronic Pain’ (r=0.603). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: There were more TA requests at targeted and intensive levels than basic levels suggesting the need for services to enhance readiness and build capacity. The moderate/strong correlations indicate that UHRP types were likely to coexist with other types. Future research can explore combining UHRP types that have moderate/strong correlations.

Jurassic siliceous hot-spring (sinter) deposits from Argentine Patagonia were evaluated to determine the distribution and preservation quality of their entombed microbial fabrics. Detailed study showed that the Claudia palaeo-geothermal field hosts the best-preserved sinter apron in the Deseado Massif geological province, where we also found hot-spring silica–biotic interactions extending into hydrothermally influenced fluvial and lacustrine settings. Carbonaceous material was identified by petrography and Raman spectroscopy mapping; it is inter-laminated with silica across proximal vent to distal marsh facies. The ubiquitous presence of microbial biosignatures has application to studies of hydrothermal settings of early life on Earth and potentially Mars.

Perovskite group minerals, general formula ABX3, from the intrusive ultramafic alkaline Gardiner Complex, East Greenland, range from almost pure CaTiO3 (perovskite, sensu stricto), to the rare earth element (REE) variety, loparite-(Ce). Chemical zonation in the perovskites (sensu lato), is described by the substitutions 2Ca2+ = (Na+ + REE3+) on the A-site and 2Ti4+ = (Fe3+ + Nb5+) on the B-site. Other trace elements detected include Th, Sr, Al, Si, Zr, Ta and Sn. Excellent agreement was found between the determinations of the REE by electron microprobe and neutron activation analysis. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns display enrichment in the light rare earths for perovskite, loparite, apatite, melilite and diopside. Mean perovskite/apatite partition coefficients from four of the Gardiner rocks were calculated as La = 10.4, Ce = 13.8, Nd = 13.9, Sm = 9.9, Eu = 7.7, Gd = 5.2, Tb = 5.6, Tm = 5.5, Yb = 2.7 and Lu = 1.6, indicating that perovskite concentrates all REE to a much greater extent than apatite. Light-REE enrichment occurs in both perovskite and apatite.

Nanomedicine is yielding new and improved treatments and diagnostics for a range of diseases and disorders. Nanomedicine applications incorporate materials and components with nanoscale dimensions (often defined as 1-100 nm, but sometimes defined to include dimensions up to 1000 nm, as discussed further below) where novel physiochemical properties emerge as a result of size-dependent phenomena and high surface-to-mass ratio. Nanotherapeutics and in vivo nanodiagnostics are a subset of nanomedicine products that enter the human body. These include drugs, biological products (biologics), implantable medical devices, and combination products that are designed to function in the body in ways unachievable at larger scales. Nanotherapeutics and in vivo nanodiagnostics incorporate materials that are engineered at the nanoscale to express novel properties that are medicinally useful. These nanomedicine applications can also contain nanomaterials that are biologically active, producing interactions that depend on biological triggers. Examples include nanoscale formulations of insoluble drugs to improve bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, drugs encapsulated in hollow nanoparticles with the ability to target and cross cellular and tissue membranes (including the bloodbrain barrier) and to release their payload at a specific time or location, imaging agents that demonstrate novel optical properties to aid in locating micrometastases, and antimicrobial and drug-eluting components or coatings of implantable medical devices such as stents.