The role of capital in measuring resilience is investigated. Focusing on the current short-run and potential long-run growth paths of the economic system, we propose new indexes to separately measure adaptability and resistance to shocks, which are the essence of a system’s resilience. Capital dynamics during the transition and along the balanced growth path are used here instead of employment to represent the evolution of the size and composition of the economy. Our indexes measure adaptability and resistance by comparing the two capital growth rates. They are built by mimicking the average and variance of the difference in growth rates. In this new setting, investment and depreciation flows play an important role in explaining what the partial index of adaptability reveals. The available data on the USA and Spanish capital allow us to empirically compute the indexes and draw conclusions about their ability to resist shocks and absorb their effects. We conclude that the US economy is more adaptable and has a greater capacity to absorb impacts than the Spanish economy, but it is less resistant to disturbances.

Around 120 years ago, a burial was discovered in the Argaric settlement of San Antón, 60 km southeast of Alicante (Spain). Although it was similar to many others recorded during more than a century of research, some gold objects found made this burial exceptional in the Iberian Bronze Age funerary record. Based on the most recent archaeological data, this article reviews both the context and the whole set of grave goods. It also explores the intersocial relationships that these gold ornaments suggest, which directly or indirectly seem to point towards both eastern Mediterranean Europe as well as to the Carpathian Basin.

Three samples of volcanic tuff were hydrothermally altered at ∼82°C in a soxhlet apparatus for periods from 745 to 2706 h. The samples correspond to partially altered specimens of volcanic tuff with 6 wt. % (T3a) and 9 wt. % (T3b) smectite and to the calcination product of the latter (T3c). The calcination treatment melted the smectite in the sample. Untreated samples and alteration products were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and oxygen isotope analysis. DTA-TG of the <2-µm size fractions showed that there was a small increase of smectite relative to glass after alteration for samples T3a and T3b, with the amount of smectite increasing exponentially with time. No smectite formed in sample T3c. These results suggest that smectite acts as a nucleation site for the precipitation of new smectite. The amount of glass in the <2-µm size fraction increased, although slightly decreased relative to smectite. SEM-EDX analysis showed smectite with the approximate structural formula of Na0.22K0.08Mg0.12Ca0.03VI(Al1.47Fe0.05Mg0.48)IV(Si3.97Al0.03)O10(OH)2.

Oxygen isotope composition of the <2-µm size fraction became enriched in 18O by alteration, the >2-µm size fraction of T3b did not vary, and that of T3c was depleted in 18O. Our results are consistent with three processes during alteration: 1) oxygen isotope exchange between volcanic glass and water, 2) neoformation of smectite, and 3) hydration and consequent hydroxylation of the calcined glass.

Scanning electron microscopy has revealed the presence of spherical, lath and platy kaolinite in gels with Si/Al atomic ratio ranging from 1.84 to 0.76 that are hydrothermally treated under different temperature and time conditions. Hemispherical structures and excavated zones, at different stages of evolution, have been observed on the surface of the gel grains, indicating that spherical particles do not precipitate from the solution but are generated from the gels. The quantity of spherical particles depends on temperature, time and the chemical composition of the starting gel. Products from starting material with Si/Al ≈ 1 yield the highest quantity of these particles. Being metastable, sphere dissolution controls the chemistry of the solution and consequently the morphology of the precipitating crystals thus producing more elongated, curved and irregular outlines when gels with Si/Al ≈ 1 are hydrothermally treated.

Few studies have examined the psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in a large adolescent community sample, finding a significant disparity. This study explores the psychometric properties of the CD-RISC among Spanish adolescents by means of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Rasch analysis, and measurement invariance (MI) across sex, as well as internal consistency and criterion validity. The sample was comprised of 463 adolescents (231 girls), aged 12 to 18 years, who completed the CD-RISC and other measures on emotional status and quality of life. The EFA suggested that the CD-RISC structure presented a unidimensional model. Consequently, shorter unidimensional CD-RISC models observed in the literature were explored. Thus, the Campbell-Sills and Stein CD–RISC–10 showed the soundest psychometric properties, providing an adequate item fit and supporting MI and non-differential item functioning across sex. Item difficulty levels were biased toward low levels of resilience. Some items showed malfunctioning in lower response categories. With regard to reliability, categorical omega was. 82. Strong associations with health-related quality of life, major depressive disorder symptoms, and emotional symptoms were observed. A weak association was found between resilience and the male sex. Campbell-Sills and Stein’s CD–RISC–10 model emerges as the best to assess resilience among Spanish adolescents, as already reported in adults. Thus, independently of the developmental stage, the core of resilience may reside in the aspects of hardiness and persistence.

Despite the high level of standardization of the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) technique, there are some aspects that deserve special attention and should still be improved. The major drawback of the technique is its invasiveness, as during cytoplasmic aspiration different structures of the oocyte may be lost or damaged. This is partly because the microtools used in ICSI were not specially designed for assisted reproduction but for other medical–biological disciplines. In view of the above caveats, the aim of the study was to compare the results of ICSI with the traditional oocyte-holding pipette and the oocyte-holding pipette without aspiration (PiWA). In total, 155 patients and 1037 oocytes were included in the study. In each ICSI cycle, half of the oocytes were microinjected using a traditional holding pipette and the other half using a PiWA. In result, the PiWA technique produced a significant increase in the fertilization rate: 88.12% (95%CI: 84.62–90.92%); holding pipette: 73.33% (95%CI: 68.72–77.49%). Also, it produced a significant decrease in the embryo degeneration rate compared with the traditional holding pipette [PiWA: 2.07% (95%CI: 1.11–3.8%); holding pipette: 4.51% (95%CI: 3.06–6.59%)]. Pregnancy rate depended on the holding technique used, both in single embryo transfers (n = 59; χ2 = 4.608; P-value = 0.032) and double embryo transfers (n = 156; χ2 = 4.344; P-value = 0.037); with PiWA presenting a significantly higher pregnancy rate than the traditional holding technique. Based on current evidence and the present results, improvements should focus on decreasing the invasiveness of the microinjection itself by minimizing or avoiding aspiration and cytoplasmic disorganization, as is successfully achieved with PiWA.

Mg-rich kaolinite and Mg+Ni-rich kaolinite have been synthesized in hydrothermal experiments (200 and 400°C) from poorly crystalline kaolinite and Mg- and Mg+Ni-bearing solutions. Al-rich serpentine and Al-rich chlorite were obtained as sub-products of the reactions. The formation of these phases occurred through a dissolution-precipitation mechanism that led to spherical kaolinite after short reaction times. A morphological evolution towards platy particles and stacks occurred at increasing run times.

Identification of the several phases was carried out using a combination of X-ray diffraction and transmission/analytical electron microscopy. Analytical data indicate that the Mg content in kaolinite increased as a function of the reaction time and temperature, reaching up to 0.46 atoms per half formula unit (a.p.h.f.u.). The measured (Mg+Ni) content reached up to 0.56 a.p.h.f.u.. Both the gradual increase of the b-cell parameter of kaolinite at increasing Mg contents and the presence of new bands on the FTIR spectra of the synthesized kaolinite point to a Mg-for-Al replacement in the octahedral sheet rather than to the presence of serpentine-like layers interstratified in the kaolinite structure.

The aim of our paper is to study some aspects of the textile industry of the city of Segovia and its land in the second half of the 16th century, interpreting them through spatial economy theories and specifically the industrial district approach. It is about seeing the competitive advantages of the integration and diffusion of the business organization in its geographical framework. The district's competitive advantages are linked to both transaction and production costs. One of them is to maximize the benefits of labor market segmentation with the emergence of a primary market for skilled labor. Another is the ease of diffusion of both technology and organizational and commercial techniques.

This paper proposes a proper compass adjustment method using only a GPS (or any other GNSS receiver) and a single visual reference to enhance the efficiency of compass adjustment. During compass adjustment, the ship proceeds on magnetic courses using a gyroscopic or satellite compass and considering magnetic declination. However, non-magnetic compasses are only compulsory for ships of 500 gross tonnage or upwards (SOLAS V/19.2.5.1). Many ships of less than 500 gross tonnage have only a magnetic compass to indicate heading. In these cases, a minimum of five leading lines or a minimum of five bearings of conspicuous and distant points or sun azimuths are necessary to adjust the compass. This makes compass adjustment more laborious and time consuming. To expedite this process, a reliable and practical method was developed to use the courses over ground given by a GNSS receiver and a single visual reference instead of the headings provided by a gyroscopic or satellite compass. The method is valid for all ships, but is primarily intended for those equipped with only a magnetic compass to indicate heading.

This paper focuses on the state of precarious work in Spain: Are all those who work as self-employed persons and interns truly operating under those descriptions, or are many of them employees so precariously engaged that they have no labour contracts? If so, how has this come to pass? Why is it increasingly happening? This paper raises some answers based on the Marxist approach. We link employment instability to increased exploitation of the Spanish labour force. This trend is a reaction by capital to low rates of profit and the implementation of particular governmental economic policies implemented to meet the demands of the European Union. Due to the precariousness of work, prospects for achieving a stable and autonomous life for a large cohort of Spain’s working youth are seriously threatened.

The environmental conditions in Maritime Antarctica are more favorable to soil development than in continental areas, which is reflected in the content and type of clay minerals present. In this context, soil clay minerals of Fildes Peninsula, South Shetland Islands were studied with the aim of relating them to periglacial and paraglacial processes as possible indicators of initial pedogenic processes. In this work, textural, mineralogical and crystallochemical characterization of clay minerals as well as chemical and physical soil analyses were carried out. The soil samples represented various surface cover types present on Fildes Peninsula. All samples were composed mainly of clay minerals, plagioclase, quartz and minor zeolites and pyroxene. The clay mineral content was very variable and reached up to 63% w/w. The clay minerals present are mainly smectite, vermiculite, chlorite and minor kaolinite, mica, corrensite and interstratified illite–smectite, with smectite and vermiculite dominating in almost all of the samples. The primary minerals display chemical alteration, and smectite formed by alteration of plagioclase. The clay mineral types were related to the parent material, which was affected by low-grade metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration that transformed biotite and chlorite into vermiculite via interstratified chlorite–vermiculite. Furthermore, this process and/or ongoing surface weathering transformed vermiculite into smectite. The genetic relationship observed between vermiculite and smectite suggests progressive alteration and transformation into a phase with intermediate composition between vermiculite and smectite. Therefore, vermiculite could be at least in part the smectite precursor. Samples closer to the current Collins Glacier front are composed mainly of vermiculite, with the greatest chemical variation occurring where the soils were developed from a mixture of initially glacially transported volcanic rocks through periglacial and fluvial processes. The clay minerals from the centre and south of Fildes Peninsula are mixtures of montmorillonite and vermiculite, as well as of chlorite and corrensite in various proportions. The clay minerals in soils developed on the west coast are a mixture of Fe-rich montmorillonite and vermiculite.

Aging is a multifactorial process influenced by both biological and sociocultural factors. The objective of this study was to identify current and past factors with an impact on the quality of aging in a sample of people 65 years of age or older born in the postwar period after the Spanish civil war. Socioeconomic, health, anthropometric, and food consumption data were collected in public Leisure Centers for the elderly in Madrid. The sample consists of 587 people (64.6% women), with a mean age of 71.8 ±5.3 years. Following the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines regarding what is considered Healthy Aging, an index called the Index of Quality of Aging was calculated from four variables: the Mini Mental State Examination score, perception of health, satisfaction with life and the number of diseases that affect daily life. Another index called the Diet Inflammation Index was created based on the inflammatory or anti-inflammatory potential of different foods. The Index of Quality of Ageing was used as a dependent variable in linear regression models for men and women. Differences by gender were observed in the factors that influence the quality of aging. Education had a positive influence on men quality of ageing while it does not on women. In these, a relationship between the quality of the current diet and the quality of aging was observed.

The aim of the study was to investigate the association between pre-gestational carbohydrate quality index (CQI) and the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Data from the ‘Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra’ (SUN) cohort were used, which includes 3827 women who notified at least one pregnancy between December 1999 and December 2019. We used a validated semi-quantitative 136-item FFQ to evaluate dietary exposures at baseline and at 10-year follow-up. The CQI was defined by four criteria: glycaemic index, whole-grain/total-grain carbohydrate, dietary fibre intake and solid/total carbohydrate ratio. We fitted generalised estimating equations with repeated measurements of the CQI to assess its relationship with incident GDM. A total of 6869 pregnancies and 202 new cases of incident GDM were identified. The inverse association between the global quality of carbohydrate and the development of GDM was not statistically significant: OR the highest v. the lowest CQI category: 0·67, 95 % CI (0·40, 1·10), Pfor trend = 0·10. Participants at the highest CQI category and with daily carbohydrate amounts ≥50 % of total energy intake had the lowest incidence of GDM (OR = 0·29 (95 % CI (0·09, 0·89)) compared with those with the lowest quality (lowest CQI) and quantity (≤40 %). Further studies are needed to overcome the limitations of our study. Those studies should jointly consider the quality and the quantity of dietary carbohydrates, as the quality might be of importance, especially in women with a higher intake of carbohydrates.