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The clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-p) syndrome enables early identification of individuals at risk of schizophrenia and related disorders. We differentiate between the stigma associated with the at-risk identification itself (‘labelling-related’ stigma) versus stigma attributed to experiencing mental health symptoms (‘symptom-related’ stigma) and examine their relationships with key psychosocial variables.
Aims
We compare labelling- and symptom-related stigma in rates of endorsement and associations with self-esteem, social support loss and quality of life.
Method
We assessed stigma domains of shame-related emotions, secrecy and experienced discrimination for both types of stigma. Individuals at CHR-p were recruited across three sites (N = 150); primary analyses included those who endorsed awareness of psychosis risk (n = 113). Paired-sample t-tests examined differences in labelling- versus symptom-related stigma; regressions examined associations with psychosocial variables, controlling for covariates, including CHR-p symptoms.
Results
Respondents reported greater symptom-related shame, but more labelling-related secrecy. Of the nine significant associations between stigma and psychosocial variables, eight were attributable to symptom-related stigma, even after adjusting for CHR-p symptoms.
Conclusions
Stigma attributed to symptoms had a stronger negative association with psychosocial variables than did labelling-related stigma among individuals recently identified as CHR-p. That secrecy related to the CHR-p designation was greater than its symptom-related counterpart suggests that labelling-related stigma may still be problematic for some CHR-p participants. To optimise this pivotal early intervention effort, interventions should address the holistic ‘stigmatising experience’ of having symptoms, namely any harmful reactions received as well as participants’ socially influenced concerns about what their experiences mean, in addition to the symptoms themselves.
Cryogenic carbon capture (CCC) is an innovative technology to desublimate $\text {CO}_2$ out of industrial flue gases. A comprehensive understanding of $\text {CO}_2$ desublimation and sublimation is essential for widespread application of CCC, which is highly challenging due to the complex physics behind. In this work, a lattice Boltzmann (LB) model is proposed to study $\text {CO}_2$ desublimation and sublimation for different operating conditions, including the bed temperature (subcooling degree $\Delta T_s$), gas feed rate (Péclet number $Pe $) and bed porosity ($\psi$). The $\text {CO}_2$ desublimation and sublimation properties are reproduced. Interactions between convective $\text {CO}_2$ supply and desublimation/sublimation intensity are analysed. In the single-grain case, $Pe $ is suggested to exceed a critical value $Pe _c$ at each $\Delta T_s$ to avoid the convection-limited regime. Beyond $Pe _c$, the $\text {CO}_2$ capture rate ($v_c$) grows monotonically with $\Delta T_s$, indicating a desublimation-limited regime. In the packed bed case, multiple grains render the convective $\text {CO}_2$ supply insufficient and make CCC operate under the convection-limited mechanism. Besides, in small-$\Delta T_s$ and high-$Pe $ tests, $\text {CO}_2$ desublimation becomes insufficient compared with convective $\text {CO}_2$ supply, thus introducing the desublimation-limited regime with severe $\text {CO}_2$ capture capacity loss ($\eta _d$). Moreover, large $\psi$ enhances gas mobility while decreasing cold grain volume. A moderate porosity $\psi _c$ is recommended for improving the $\text {CO}_2$ capture performance. By analysing $v_c$ and $\eta _d$, regime diagrams are proposed in $\Delta T_s$–$Pe $ space to show distributions of convection-limited and desublimation-limited regimes, thus suggesting optimal conditions for efficient $\text {CO}_2$ capture. This work develops a viable LB model to examine CCC under extensive operating conditions, contributing to facilitating its application.
OBJECTIVES/GOALS: At UNC-Chapel Hill’s CTSA hub – the NC Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute (NC TraCS) – we conducted a participatory evaluation of a new community and patient advisory board (CPAB) to assess member experiences, and the outcomes and early impacts of their work on institutional programming related to equity and inclusivity in research. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: NC TraCS staff conducted informal interviews with CPAB members to discuss how they envision success in their work, ideas for measuring progress towards their goals, and how they have seen similar work measured by others. These conversations guided the development of outcomes, indicators, and data collection methods for the CPAB evaluation plan. CPAB member satisfaction, experiences, and perceptions of accomplishments were assessed via an online survey. Concurrently, an Outcome Harvesting approach was used, through which NC TraCS staff retrospectively identified key outcomes of the CPAB’s work through team discussion of programmatic changes and review of internal documents and data. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: CPAB members (n=10) were highly satisfied with meetings, group dynamics, activities and accomplishments, and 90% of members felt that NC TraCS was very responsive to their feedback. Key outcomes included: 1) co-creating a shared vision, goals, and operational policies for the CPAB; 2) co-developing a training series for research teams about patient and community engagement; 3) disseminating best practices for co-developing advisory boards; 4) providing guidance to improve NC TraCS consultations, services, and resources related to enhancing equitable participation in research (e.g., developing an Equity in Research Framework); and 5) contributing to institutional initiatives related to diversity, equity, and inclusion (e.g., improving compensation processes for research participants and partners). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Evaluations of CPABs often focus on process measures, while assessments of outcomes and impacts are lacking. Our evaluation data highlight the early outcomes and value of a newly formed CPAB. Furthermore, our approach can inform the creation and evaluation of equity-focused advisory boards within other research institutions.
In order to improve the predictive abilities of weather and climate models, it is essential to understand the behaviour of wind stress at the ocean surface. Wind stress is contingent on small-scale interfacial dynamics typically not directly resolved in numerical models. Although skin friction contributes considerably to the total stress up to moderate wind speeds, it is notoriously challenging to measure and predict using physics-based approaches. This work proposes a supervised machine learning (ML) model that estimates the spatial distribution of the skin-friction drag over wind waves using solely wave elevation and wave age, which are relatively easy to acquire. The input–output pairs are high-resolution wave profiles and their corresponding surface viscous stresses collected from laboratory experiments. The ML model is built upon a convolutional neural network architecture that incorporates the Mish nonlinearity as its activation function. Results show that the model can accurately predict the overall distribution of viscous stresses; it captures the peak of viscous stress at/near the crest and its dramatic drop to almost null just past the crest in cases of intermittent airflow separation. The predicted area-aggregate skin friction is also in excellent agreement with the corresponding measurements. The proposed method offers a practical pathway for estimating both local and area-aggregate skin friction and can be easily integrated into existing numerical models for the study of air–sea interactions.
Do bilinguals have similar bilingual control mechanisms in speaking and writing? The present study investigated the patterns of switch costs (reflecting reactive language control) and mixing costs (reflecting proactive language control) between Chinese (L1) and English (L2) in spoken and written productions and whether these patterns could be modulated by response-stimulus intervals (RSIs). In two experiments, unbalanced Chinese–English bilinguals completed a cued language switching task in spoken naming (Experiment 1) and written naming (Experiment 2), respectively. The results revealed asymmetrical switch costs (i.e., the larger cost in L1 than in L2) in spoken and written productions in the short RSI condition. However, there were asymmetrical mixing costs in spoken production and symmetrical mixing costs in written production both in the short and long RSIs. These findings suggest that for spoken and written productions, reactive language control operates in similar mechanisms, while proactive language control operates in specific mechanisms.
In response to the Omicron surge in early 2022, the HTA Philippines evaluated the acceptability of Filipinos in using self-administered antigen tests (SAAgTs) as part of COVID-19 HTAs in the Philippines.
Methods
Scoping review from literature databases was initially conducted to identify preset codes in the use of SAAgT. Preset codes were used to establish the questions for focus group discussions (FGDs). Semi-structured questionnaires were created through Delphi technique. FGDs with four stakeholder groups (i.e., nine healthcare workers [HCWs], seven representatives of at-risk groups, six economic frontliners, and seven representatives of micro–small–medium-sized enterprises) were conducted.
Results
Discomfort in being a target of stigma and being prescribed an “illness identity” when suspected or confirmed COVID-19-positive, along with lack of confidence to perform self-test, caused hesitancy in self-testing among participants. The need for subsidies for test kits from the government or employers was emphasized to increase its accessibility. Having a designated access point and reporting system for SAAgT was highlighted to avoid nepotism (padrino system attributed to debt of gratitude), inequitable distribution, and lapses in reporting. A participatory approach to education was perceived as crucial to reduce any misconceptions associated with the use of SAAgT.
Conclusions
All FGD groups expressed favorable reviews on the implementation of SAAgT because it can potentially reduce the burden of health facility-administered tests. These findings were considered by the HTA Council in the recommendation of SAAgT as part of the overarching national strategies for the diagnosis and screening of COVID-19.
The controlled chemical oxidative polymerization of metanilic anion $(m{\rm{ - N}}{{\rm{H}}_2}{{\rm{C}}_6}{{\rm{H}}_4}{\rm{SO}}_3^ - )$ within the interlayer of NiAl layered double hydroxide was performed using, for the first time, ammonium persulfate as the oxidizing agent. The quantity of oxidizing agent required for control of the interlayer polymerization was investigated systematically and it was found that interleaved polyaniline sulfonic (PANIS) was present in different oxidation states and protonation levels when different quantities of external oxidizing agents were added. A mechanism for the oxidative polymerization of metanilic anion in NiAl layered double hydroxide is proposed, based on the intercalation of the oxidizing agent and the interlayer polymerization of monomer. The resulting PANIS/NiAl LDH composites were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
To accelerate high-intensity heavy-ion beams to high energy in the booster ring (BRing) at the High-Intensity Heavy-Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) project, we take the typical reference particle 238U35+, which can be accelerated from an injection energy of 17 MeV/u to the maximal extraction energy of 830 MeV/u, as an example to study the basic processes of longitudinal beam dynamics, including beam capture, acceleration, and bunch merging. The voltage amplitude, the synchronous phase, and the frequency program of the RF system during the operational cycle were given, and the beam properties such as bunch length, momentum spread, longitudinal beam emittance, and beam loss were derived, firstly. Then, the beam properties under different voltage amplitude and synchronous phase errors were also studied, and the results were compared with the cases without any errors. Next, the beam properties with the injection energy fluctuation were also studied. The tolerances of the RF errors and injection energy fluctuation were dictated based on the CISP simulations. Finally, the effect of space charge at the low injection energy with different beam intensities on longitudinal emittance and beam loss was evaluated.
Compact obscured nuclei (CONs) are relatively common in the centers of local (U)LIRGs, yet their nature remains unknown. Both AGN activity and extreme nuclear starbursts have been suggested as plausible nuclear power sources. The prevalence of outflows in these systems suggest that CONs represent a key phase in the nuclear feedback cycle, in which material is ejected from the central regions of the galaxy. Here, we present results from MUSE for the confirmed local CON galaxy NGC4418. For the first time we spatially map the spectral features and kinematics of the galaxy in the optical, revealing several previously unknown structures. In particular, we discover a bilateral outflow along the minor axis, an outflowing bubble, several knot structures and a receding outflow partially obscured by the galactic disk. Based on the properties of these features, we conclude that the CON in NGC4418 is most likely powered by an AGN.
A 198.8 m deep borehole was drilled through ice to subglacial bedrock in the northwestern marginal part of Princess Elizabeth Land, ~12 km south of Zhongshan Station, in January–February 2019. Three years later, in February 2022, the borehole temperature profile was measured, and the geothermal heat flow (GHF) was estimated using a 1-D time-dependent energy-balance equation. For a depth corresponding to the base of the ice sheet, the GHF was calculated as 72.6 ± 2.3 mW m−2 and temperature −4.53 ± 0.27°C. The regional averages estimated for this area based, generally, on tectonic setting vary from 55 to 66 mW m−2. A higher GHF is interpreted to originate mostly from the occurrence of metamorphic complexes intruded by heat-producing elements in the subglacial bedrock below the drill site.
Oncological and palliative care patients face unique stressors which increase their risk of developing depression and anxiety. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and mindfulness has established success in improving this population’s mental health. Traditional face-to-face psychotherapy is costly, has long wait lists, often lacks accessibility, and has strict scheduling, each of which can make attending psychotherapy physically, mentally, and financially out of reach for oncological and palliative patients. Web-based CBT (e-CBT) is a promising alternative that has shown efficacy in this and other patient populations.
Objectives
To quantify the efficacy of online CBT and mindfulness therapy in oncological and palliative patients experiencing depression and anxiety symptoms.
Methods
Participants with depression or anxiety related to their diagnosis were recruited from care settings in Kingston, Ontario, and randomly assigned to 8 weekly e-CBT/mindfulness modules (N= 25) or treatment as usual (TAU; N=24). Modules consisted of CBT concepts, problem-solving, mindfulness, homework, and personalised feedback from their therapist through a secure platform (Online Psychotherapy Tool- OPTT) Participants completed PHQ-9 and GAD-7 in weeks 1, 4, and 8. (NCT04664270: REB# 6031471).
Results
Significant decreases in PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores within individuals support the hypothesis of efficacy. At this time, 10 e-CBT/mindfulness and 12 TAU have completed the study. Decreases in PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores within e-CBT group support the hypothesis of efficacy. Specifically, PHQ-9 scores decreased over the 3 repeated measures (ANOVA, 2 groups, 3 repeated measures and the decrease in GAD-7 scores was similarly large)
Conclusions
As hypothesized, the results suggest that e-CBT/mindfulness therapy is an affordable, accessible, and efficacious mental health treatment for this population. The virtual, asynchronous delivery format is particularly appropriate given the unique barriers.
Disclosure of Interest
N. Alavi Shareolder of: OPTT inc, Grant / Research support from: department psychiatry Queen’s University, M. Omrani Shareolder of: OPTT inc, A. Shirazi: None Declared, G. Layzell: None Declared, J. Eadie: None Declared, J. Jagayat: None Declared, C. Stephenson: None Declared, D. Kain: None Declared, C. Soares: None Declared, M. Yang: None Declared
Background: Dystonia is common in children with acquired and inherited neurological disorders. Status dystonicus (SD) is the most severe form of dystonia that can lead to life-threatening complications if not treated promptly. We identified a local provider knowledge gap in the acute management of dystonia, leading to uncertainty and delays in care. To our knowledge, no in-hospital clinical pathway exists for the ward-based management of acute dystonia. We hypothesized that a stepwise clinical pathway would standardize and improve comfort in managing hyperacute dystonia. Methods: We formed a multidisciplinary working group and developed a pathway based on literature review and expert consensus. Aims of the pathway included: reducing delays in recognition and treatment of acute dystonia, limiting variation in management, and decreasing progression to SD. A survey was administered to providers assessing knowledge and comfort post-implementation. Results: There has been high usability with 58% (18/31) of providers surveyed having used the pathway at least once. Provider comfort has improved, with 89% (25/28) of respondents reporting increased comfort managing SD due to the clarity of the pathway and stepwise directions. Conclusions: The pathway fills a gap in the in-hospital management of dystonia and has led to increased provider comfort.
To enhance the performance of anti-ship missiles cooperative attack, this paper proposes a finite-time trajectory shaping-based cooperative guidance law (TSCGL). Firstly, the cooperative guidance model is established on segmented linearisation of the missile’s heading angle. Then, a trajectory shaping guidance law for a single missile is derived by a weighted optimal energy cost function and Schwarz inequality. On this basis, a finite-time TSCGL is proposed combined with trajectory shaping technology and finite-time theory. The desirable finite-time convergence performance can ensure a simultaneous attack. Through an improved method of time-to-go estimation, it is independent of small-angle assumption and relaxes the launching conditions of the missiles. Additionally, the proposed finite-time TSCGL can achieve better damage performance through energy management. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed finite-time TSCGL.
The radio signal transmitted by the Mars Express (MEX) spacecraft was observed regularly between the years 2013–2020 at X-band (8.42 GHz) using the European Very Long Baseline Interferometry (EVN) network and University of Tasmania’s telescopes. We present a method to describe the solar wind parameters by quantifying the effects of plasma on our radio signal. In doing so, we identify all the uncompensated effects on the radio signal and see which coronal processes drive them. From a technical standpoint, quantifying the effect of the plasma on the radio signal helps phase referencing for precision spacecraft tracking. The phase fluctuation of the signal was determined for Mars’ orbit for solar elongation angles from 0 to 180 deg. The calculated phase residuals allow determination of the phase power spectrum. The total electron content of the solar plasma along the line of sight is calculated by removing effects from mechanical and ionospheric noises. The spectral index was determined as $-2.43 \pm 0.11$ which is in agreement with Kolmogorov’s turbulence. The theoretical models are consistent with observations at lower solar elongations however at higher solar elongation ($>$160 deg) we see the observed values to be higher. This can be caused when the uplink and downlink signals are positively correlated as a result of passing through identical plasma sheets.
The dynamics of hydrogen bubbles produced by water electrolysis in an acidic electrolyte is studied using electrochemical and optical methods. A defined cyclic modulation of the electric potential is applied at a microelectrode to produce pairs of interacting H$_2$ bubbles in a controlled manner. Three scenarios of interactions are identified and studied systematically. The most prominent one consists of a sudden reversal in the motion of the first detached bubble, its return to the electrode, and finally its coalescence with the second bubble. Attested by Toepler's schlieren technique, an explanation of contactless motion reversal is provided by the competition between buoyancy and thermocapillary effects.
The great demographic pressure brings tremendous volume of beef demand. The key to solve this problem is the growth and development of Chinese cattle. In order to find molecular markers conducive to the growth and development of Chinese cattle, sequencing was used to determine the position of copy number variations (CNVs), bioinformatics analysis was used to predict the function of ZNF146 gene, real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used for CNV genotyping and one-way analysis of variance was used for association analysis. The results showed that there exists CNV in Chr 18: 47225201-47229600 (5.0.1 version) of ZNF146 gene through the early sequencing results in the laboratory and predicted ZNF146 gene was expressed in liver, skeletal muscle and breast cells, and was amplified or overexpressed in pancreatic cancer, which promoted the development of tumour through bioinformatics. Therefore, it is predicted that ZNF146 gene affects the proliferation of muscle cells, and then affects the growth and development of cattle. Furthermore, CNV genotyping of ZNF146 gene was three types (deletion type, normal type and duplication type) by Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR). The association analysis results showed that ZNF146-CNV was significantly correlated with rump length of Qinchuan cattle, hucklebone width of Jiaxian red cattle and heart girth of Yunling cattle. From the above results, ZNF146-CNV had a significant effect on growth traits, which provided an important candidate molecular marker for growth and development of Chinese cattle.
Continuing from Part 1 (Hernández et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 936, 2022, A33), a generalised quasilinear (GQL) approximation is studied in turbulent channel flow using a flow decomposition defined with spanwise Fourier modes: the flow is decomposed into a set of low-wavenumber spanwise Fourier modes and the rest high-wavenumber modes. This decomposition leads to the nonlinear low-wavenumber group that supports the self-sustaining process within the given integral length scales, whereas the linearised high-wavenumber group is not able to do so, unlike the GQL models in Part 1, which place a minimal mathematical description for the self-sustaining process across all integral scales. Despite the important physical difference, it is shown that the GQL models in this study share some similarities with those in Part 1, i.e. the reduced multi-scale behaviour and anisotropic turbulent fluctuations. Furthermore, despite not being able to support the self-sustaining process in the high-wavenumber group, the GQL models in the present study are found to reproduce some key statistical features in the high-wavenumber group solely through the ‘scattering’ mechanism proposed by previous studies. Finally, using the nature of the GQL approximation, a further set of numerical experiments suppressing certain triadic nonlinear interactions are carried out. This unveils some key roles played by certain types of triadic interactions, including energy cascade and inverse energy transfer in the near-wall region. In particular, the inhibition of inverse energy transfer in the spanwise direction leads to suppression of the near-wall positive turbulent transport at large scales.