This chapter delves into the intricate social, political, and theological mechanisms that progressively linked the historical figure of Saint Peter the Apostle to the city of Rome, and, more specifically, the Roman Church, from the late fourth to the late sixth centuries. The central argument posits that the escalations of papal authority during this era, especially those rhetorically justified by ties to the historical Peter, were predominantly aspirational. These escalations often surfaced as a direct counter-response to local or international humiliations. Consequently, this chapter challenges the traditional historiographical narrative of a perpetually powerful and assertive late-ancient papacy that ushered the Church into the Middle Ages from a vantage point of strength and acknowledged authority. It presents a nuanced perspective that acknowledges the complexities and realities of the time.

When attempting to extract a precise theological position from Gregory the Great, bishop of Rome from 590 to 604, one is often confounded by his lack of systematic categories and his frequent variations in terminology. It is not surprising, therefore, that Gregory never articulated a comprehensive epistemological method nor did he conceptualize the spiritual senses in a philosophical fashion. This is not to say, however, that he lacked a cognitive theory or that he did not employ various applications of the spiritual senses. Indeed, a careful reading of the pontiff's corpus demonstrates that a theory of spiritual perception provides the foundation for his more explicit ascetic and pastoral theologies. By foregrounding the ascetic and pastoral dimensions of Gregory's thought, therefore, we can glimpse the principal elements of Gregory's understanding of spiritual perception – that the spiritual senses were diminished by the fall, that their recovery is, in large part, a consequence of ascetic progress and that God grants the greatest spiritual insights to those who are willing and able to share what they learn with others.

The following chapter is in two parts. The first part attempts to weave together Gregory's fragmented statements about true knowledge, concluding that a limited knowledge of God can be ascertained (primarily through the scriptures), so long as the aspirant is in good moral standing and is willing to share his or her insights with others. The second part argues that Gregory's application of the collective spiritual senses and his frequent use of expressions connoting individual senses, such as the ‘eyes of the mind’, were almost exclusively employed in a figurative manner to explain the cognition of spiritual concepts within the mind or soul. By exploring these two elements distinctly, we gain a better understanding of the extent to which Gregory's more explicit theological concerns were supported by a multifaceted theory of spiritual perception.