To determine the rate of healthcare personnel (HCP) glove or gown contamination with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and to estimate which patient care interactions and HCP roles are associated with greater contamination.

Multicenter cohort study.

Five Veterans Affairs medical centers in the United States.

Patients with a positive MRSA clinical or surveillance culture within the past 7 days were enrolled. Five HCP in the room were observed for each patient. After completion of tasks and prior to room exit, HCP gloves and gowns were cultured separately.

We enrolled 799 patients and obtained 3,832 glove and gown cultures. Contamination of HCP gloves or gown with MRSA occurred 713 of 3,832 (18.6%) of the time, while 589 of 3,832 (15.4%) of interactions resulted in contamination of gloves, and 319 of 3,831 (8.3%) of interactions resulted in contamination of gowns. The gloves and gowns of physical therapists and occupational therapists were most frequently contaminated. Any interactions that involved touching the patient resulted in glove or gown contamination in 622 of 2,901 (21.4%) of observations, while touching only the environment resulted contamination in 91 of 931 (9.8%) of observations. Rates of glove or gown contamination were similar in the intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU.

Contamination of HCP gloves and gowns with MRSA occurs frequently when caring for Veteran patients particularly when there is direct patient contact. Hospitals may consider optimizing contact precautions by using fewer precautions for low-risk interactions and more precautions for high-risk interactions.

To directly observe healthcare workers in a nursing home setting to measure frequency and duration of resident contact and infection prevention behavior as a factor of isolation practice

Observational study

Healthcare workers in 8 VA nursing homes in Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Washington, and Texas

Over a 15-month period, trained research staff without clinical responsibilities on the units observed nursing home resident room activity for 15–30-minute intervals. Observers recorded time of entry and exit, isolation status, visitor type (staff, visitor, etc), hand hygiene, use of gloves and gowns, and activities performed in the room when visible.

A total of 999 hours of observation were conducted across 8 VA nursing homes during which 4,325 visits were observed. Residents in isolation received an average of 4.73 visits per hour of observation compared with 4.21 for nonisolation residents (P<.01), a 12.4% increase in visits for residents in isolation. Residents in isolation received an average of 3.53 resident care activities per hour of observation, compared with 2.46 for residents not in isolation (P<.01). For residents in isolation, compliance was 34% for gowns and 58% for gloves. Healthcare worker hand hygiene compliance was 45% versus 44% (P=.79) on entry and 66% versus 55% (P<.01) on exit for isolation and nonisolation rooms, respectively.

Healthcare workers visited residents in isolation more frequently, likely because they required greater assistance. Compliance with gowns and gloves for isolation was limited in the nursing home setting. Adherence to hand hygiene also was less than optimal, regardless of isolation status of residents.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:683–687