This chapter describes patterns of crime and insecurity in the six study countries where the coordinated randomized trials took place and how these places compare to other countries. It then provides a theoretical framework for understanding the causes of crime, why crime rates often diverge from citizen perceptions of insecurity, and how crime and perceived insecurity can be reduced. The chapter concludes by surveying the set of policy tools used to reduce crime, and how policing fits into those tools.

This chapter lays out the theoretical foundations of community policing and highlights evidence gaps in evaluations of community policing’s effectiveness. Community policing is a law enforcement strategy that centers around building trust between police and citizens as well as promoting citizen engagement with authorities in order to advance public safety. The chapter describes the origins of community policing as well as the logic of how it might render the police more effective, primarily through improved information provision from citizens. Despite substantial support for community policing, a systematic review detailed in the chapter reveals significant evidence gaps in evaluations of the effectiveness of community policing interventions such as beat patrols and the police engaging in town hall meetings. The review finds that the evidence gaps are particularly acute with respect to evaluations in Global South communities.

This chapter discusses how to interpret the findings from six randomized experiments on community policing, and the implications for policymaking and police reform. The bottom line is that locally appropriate increases in the strength of community policing practices do not generate the changes to trust in the police, citizen cooperation, or crime reduction that we hypothesized or that its advocates claim. The evidence suggests, at a minimum, that caution should be exercised in advocating for the adoption or continuation of community policing in the Global South. New evidence may emerge that shows community policing can be effective in a different type of context, when implemented in response to demands from a social movement of citizen groups, with a different set of institutional preconditions, or in combination with other reforms, such as citizen accountability boards. Until it does, we suggest that it be deprioritized in the list of policy levers to reduce crime and build trust in police in the Global South.

This chapter introduces a research design to study the effects of community policing. The chapter introduces the Metaketa model of multi-site trials, which are used to answer questions relevant to policy using coordinated experiments in which the same intervention is randomly assigned to units in multiple contexts and the same outcomes are measured to estimate effects. In specific, the chapter introduces how the six countries were selected for study and describes their characteristics in terms of crime and policing and then how the interventions were selected and harmonized across the settings and how they compare to community policing policies in the world. The remainder of the chapter details the experimental design, from how police beats and units are sampled, how community policing intervention was randomly assigned, how outcomes were measured and harmonized, how effects were estimated for each site and then averaging across sites, and how we planned to address threats to inference.

This chapter summarizes the findings from our study, based on the meta-analysis averaging across the effects from the six experiments. We found that increases in locally appropriate community policing practices led to no improvements in citizen–police trust, no greater citizen cooperation with the police, and no reduction in crime. Despite a strong commitment from leadership in each context at the outset, the police implemented the interventions unevenly and incompletely. Although citizens reported more frequent and robust exposure to the police in places where community policing was implemented, we have limited evidence of police action in response to citizen reports.

This chapter describes the emergence of policing as an institutional mechanism for maintaining order in increasingly urban social contexts. Through a review of prior literature, we identify three impediments to police effectiveness – autonomy, capacity, and principal–agent problems – and explain the ways in which poor performance undermines citizens’ trust in police and willingness to cooperate. Then, using data from citizen and officer surveys, we illustrate the ways in which a lack of trust between citizens and the police undermines effective policing across the six countries that are the focus of this study.

Field experiments with police agencies represent a new frontier in collaboration between researchers and the public sector. This chapter explores the practical and ethical challenges inherent in partnerships with the police, sharing reflections and lessons from our experiences in the six countries included in the study. We describe what we have learned from both scholarship and experience about how to build effective partnerships and to design ethical interventions with the goal of informing the next generation of research–practice partnerships on issues of public order, security, and policing.

This chapter introduces the concept of community policing and provides a brief history of the practice and its spread. The chapter then identifies a significant gap in rigorous evidence of its efficacy, especially as the practice has been adopted by police agencies in the Global South and describes the core enterprise of the research agenda: a set of coordinated, randomized-control trials evaluating the impact of community policing in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. The chapter concludes with a summary of the findings and a discussion of broader implications for the study of policing.