This review discusses the clenching-grinding spectrum from the neuropsychiatric/neuroevolutionary perspective. In neuropsychiatry, signs of jaw clenching may be a useful objective marker for detecting or substantiating a self-report of current subjective emotional distress. Similarly, accelerated tooth wear may be an objective clinical sign for detecting, or substantiating, long-lasting anxiety. Clenching-grinding behaviors affect at least 8% of the population. We argue that during the early paleolithic environment of evolutionary adaptedness, jaw clenching was an adaptive trait because it rapidly strengthened the masseter and temporalis muscles, enabling a stronger, deeper and therefore more lethal bite in expectation of conflict (warfare) with conspecifics. Similarly, sharper incisors produced by teeth grinding may have served as weaponry during early human combat. We posit that alleles predisposing to fear-induced clenching-grinding were evolutionarily conserved in the human clade (lineage) since they remained adaptive for anatomically and mitochondrially modern humans (Homo sapiens) well into the mid-paleolithic. Clenching-grinding, sleep bruxism, myofacial pain, craniomaxillofacial musculoskeletal pain, temporomandibular disorders, oro-facial pain, and the fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue spectrum disorders are linked. A 2003 Cochrane meta-analysis concluded that dental procedures for the above spectrum disorders are not evidence based. There is a need for early detection of clenching-grinding in anxiety disorder clinics and for research into science-based interventions. Finally, research needs to examine the possible utility of incorporating physical signs into Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition posttraumatic stress disorder diagnostic criteria. One of the diagnostic criterion that may need to undergo a revision in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition is Criterion D (persistent fear-circuitry activation not present before the trauma). Grinding-induced incisor wear, and clenching-induced palpable masseter tenderness may be examples of such objective physical signs of persistent fear-circuitry activation (posttraumatic stress disorder Criterion D).

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.

The inhibitory influence of cyanuric acid on the virucidal effect of chlorine was studied. The time required for 99·9% inactivation of ten enteroviruses and two adenoviruses by 0·5 mg/l free available chlorine at pH 7·0 and 25○C was prolonged approximately 4·8–28·8 times by the addition of 30 mg/l cyanuric acid. Comparative inactivation of poliovirus 1 by free available chlorine with or without cyanuric acid revealed the following. The inactivation rate by 1·5 mg/l free available chlorine with 30 mg/l cyanuric acid or by 0·5 mg/l free available chlorine with 1 mg/1 cyanuric acid was slower than by 0·5 mg/1 free available chlorine alone. Temperature and pH did not affect the inhibitory influence of cyanuric acid on the disinfectant action of chlorine. In the swimming-pool and tap water, cyanuric acid delayed the virucidal effect of chlorine as much as in the ‚clean’ condition of chlorine-buffered distilled water. The available chlorine value should be increased to 1·5 mg/l when cyanuric acid is used in swimming-pool water.

We present an overview of recent astrometric results with VERA. Since 2004, we have been conducting astrometry of tens of Galactic maser sources with VERA, and recently obtained trigonometric parallaxes for several sources, with distances ranging from 180 pc to 5.3 kpc. In this paper, we briefly summarize the results for Galactic star-forming regions, including S269, Orion-KL, NGC 1333, ρ-oph, NGC 281 and others.

Experiments and numerical simulations are carried out to verify the existence of the acoustic solitary wave in an air-filled tube with an array of Helmholtz resonators connected. Following up previous work (Sugimoto et al. 1999), the experiments are improved by using a newly designed piston driver to launch an initially plane pressure pulse and also by extending the tube length from 7.4 m to 10.6 m. To highlight the effect of the array of resonators, the case with no array is also examined in parallel. Direct and indirect checks are made to verify the existence of the solitary wave. The former compares the profiles and propagation speeds of pulses measured experimentally to the solitary-wave solution. The latter checks the validity of nonlinear wave equations in describing real wave evolution in the tube. Solving an initial-value problem numerically with weakly lossy effects of boundary layers and jet loss at the throat of the resonator, comparison is made between measured and simulated evolution. The validity of the equations in the lossy case is necessary to maintain the existence of the solitary wave in the lossless limit. It is revealed that nonlinear wave equations originally derived for unidirectional propagation in the tube can provide a good description of the real evolution, with some allowance for phase shifts on reflection at both ends of the tube. In particular, it turns out that the lossy effects are described quantitatively well. By establishing the validity of the equations, it is concluded that the acoustic solitary wave exists.

The prevention of arterial thrombotic diseases has a high priority in developed countries. An inappropriate diet may be an important risk factor for thrombotic events. The daily intake of an anti-thrombotic diet may offer a convenient and effective way of prevention. The aim of the present study was to test tomato extracts for anti-thrombotic effects and to identify those varieties that have such an effect. A shear-induced platelet-function test (haemostatometry) was used to test anti-thrombotic potential in vitro. Extracts from those tomato varieties that showed a significant anti-thrombotic activity in vitro were further assessed in vivo, using a laser-induced thrombosis test in mice. One tomato variety (KG99-4) showed significant anti-thrombotic activity both in vitro and in vivo. KG99-4 inhibited not only platelet-rich thrombus formation but also had a thrombolytic effect. It is concluded that haemostatometry can detect and classify the anti-thrombotic potential of fruits and vegetables and offers a simple way of screening for such effects.

The Groningen voice prosthesis can be successfully replaced using the back-loading system. We have attempted to minimize patient stress by developing a front-loading system that does not require insertion of the introducer via the tracheo-oesophageal shunt to the oral cavity or the mesopharyngeal anaesthetization regularly used with the back-loading system. Using our front-loading system, the existing prosthesis is removed, then the posterior portion of the replacement Groningen prosthesis is grasped by a pair of nasal forceps with a small jaw to make an acute angle and inserted into the oesophageal cavity through the shunt at a stroke. All 20 patients who underwent forward-loading replacement of a Groningen (n=17) or Blom-Singer (n=3) valve with a Groningen valve tolerated the procedure well and experienced no complications except, in some cases, for minor bleeding just after insertion of the prosthesis.The procedure was completed within 30 seconds.

Kawasaki Steel Corporation carried out a modernization project at the Chiba works No.2 continuous annealing line by linking the CAL with the existing skinpass mill and newly constructed facilities in the downstream area. Because the No.2 CAL and the skinpass mill are arranged in parallel, Kawasaki developed the world steel industry's first non-contact air floatation type strip turning device, called the "Helical turner".

The phase diagram of the Sm2O3–CuO system was investigated by the combination of the differential thermal analysis and the quench method. The results showed that Sm2CuO4 incongruently melts at about 1220 °C, and that the solid Sm2CuO4 exists in equilibrium with the liquid consisting of 81–95 mol% CuO in the range of 1060–1220 °C. On the basis of the phase diagram, Sm2−xCexCuO4 single crystals were grown by the traveling solvent floating zone method. The crystal structure [space group I4/mmm, a = 3.917(1), c 4 11.899(2) Å] has been refined using single-crystal x-ray diffraction data with a precision corresponding to an R index of 0.02.

In 1996, three adenovirus type 7 (Ad7) strains were isolated from children with fever and upper respiratory diseases in Japan. Restriction endonucleases (REs) analysis and PCR amplification of the E3 7·7 kDa ORF revealed that these strains were genotype Ad7h and closely related to an Argentine Ad7h strain, which has been reported to be highly virulent and so far predominant only in South America. These strains showed weak cross-neutralizing activity and specific haemagglutination-inhibition activity to Ad3 antiserum. The present findings suggest that Ad7h in South America has spread to other parts of the world. Since the seroprevalence to Ad7 in the current Japanese population is very low due to the absence of Ad7 circulation in Japan for decades, Ad7 outbreak as a typical case of re-emerging infectious diseases is a cause for serious concern.

As engineering properties are miniaturized by mo thinner films, crystallographic analyses become more appropriate by electron diffraction than XRD. Without synchrotron sources, XRD scans of such films often expose one peak at best. However, these thinner films become more suited for TEM, with less artifacts from sample preparation. XRD scans with peaks in the noise are quantitatively accepted, while vast differences in electron diffraction patterns remain unquantified. Digital recording of TEM information removes the uncertain hand waving of the darkroom; and fast, user-friendly computer processing especially removes the nonstatistical art in image analysis. This work inputs 16-bit (>65,000 gray levels) images of ring diffraction patterns into Digital Micrograph and utilizes a Rotation Average subroutine (1) to plot peak intensities.

Information storage in a hard drive utilizes sputtered thin films of HCP-Co-alloys with magnetic bits tied to the crystallographic orientation of each grain. Longitudinal-recording density and signal-to-noise can be enhanced for thin films with c-axes of all grains in plane.

The X-ray background in the energy range above 2 keV is highly uniform except for an excess component along the Galactic plane. The excess along the plane is considered to be associated with our Galaxy, whereas the rest of the emission is believed to be of extragalactic origin. In this paper, the X-ray background at high Galactic latitude is discussed and is designated as the CXB (cosmic X-ray background) to distinguish it from the Galactic origin.

Multilayers have a great potentiality to improve the image quality, spectral resolution and energy coverage of x-ray optical systems. The angular resolution of a normal incidence telescope aims at approaching the diffraction limit in the soft x-ray region. Multilayer supermirror makes it possible to fabricate a grazing incidence telescope with high sensitivity in hard x-ray region. Multilayer coated gratings are also useful dispersive elements with high efficiency and spectral resolution in the 2-10keV region. The application of multilayers is expected to open up a new field in astronomical imaging and spectroscopic observations which are not accessible by present telescopes.