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Background
The functional psychoses “schizophrenia,” “schizoaffective disorders,” “psychotic depression,” “bipolar illness,” and “atypical psychosis” are distinct diagnostic entities sharing a considerable overlap in their underlying clinical syndromes (Stassen et al., 1988; Maier et al., 1993; 1999; 2005; Faraone et al., 1995; Maziade et al., 1995, 2001; Scharfetter and Stassen, 1995; Loftus et al., 1998; Wildenauer et al., 1999; Berrettini, 2000; Pulver et al., 2000; Vogt et al., 2000; Vuoristo et al., 2000; Bailer et al., 2002; Glatt et al., 2003; Kendler, 2003; Schurhoff et al., 2003; Craddock et al., 2005). Across ethnicities, schizophrenia and bipolar illness each affect about one percent of the general population, causing the loss of the ability to work, to have close relationships, and to have a fulfilling life. Population frequencies appear to be largely independent of ethnicity and social factors, as suggested by numerous epidemiologic studies including the World Health Organization (WHO) program on the outcome of severe mental disorders (Jablensky et al., 1992), and the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) program on psychiatric epidemiology (Weissmann et al., 1988). However, physical and sociocultural environments may modify the course of functional psychoses since patients in developing countries have a more benign course than patients in developed countries (Leff et al., 1992).
In an electroencephalographic (EEG) study of 27 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for schizophrenia, 13 pairs of MZ twins concordant for schizophrenia, 40 pairs of healthy MZ twins, and 91 healthy, unrelated subjects with repeated assessments, we investigated (a) the trait quality of brainwave patterns with respect to interindividual differences, intraindividual stability over time, and within-pair MZ concordance; (b) the EEG characteristics that enable discrimination between affected and unaffected individuals; and (c) the EEG characteristics that reflect the severity of illness. In comparison with healthy control subjects, the MZ twins who were discordant and concordant for schizophrenia exhibited a much lower within-pair EEG concordance, so that EEG abnormalities associated with schizophrenia and manifested differently in the co-twins concordant for schizophrenia seemed to reflect nongenetic, pathological developments of genetically identical brains.
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