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This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive evidence-based overview of the complications of oocyte retrieval, beginning with a brief history of the early methods utilised. We describe the reasons why the transvaginal approach has now become the gold standard technique. We provide detailed incidence rates for a variety of the more commonly encountered complications from large-scale, high-quality observational studies. We describe the various mechanisms involved in the most commonly encountered complications: bleeding, infection and visceral injury. Furthermore, we describe techniques and practices that should be adopted in order to minimise the risk of these complications, as well as discussing management of such complications. We also provide references for more rare complications reported as only case reports in the literature for further review and reading.