Anthropogenic land use within watersheds has substantial effects on aquatic habitats and biological communities. From September 2006 to December 2008, we investigated the effects of land use on benthic macroinvertebrate communities by comparing Song Stream and Odae Stream, two adjacent mountain streams in Korea whose watersheds have different land use patterns. Song Stream is significantly disturbed by agricultural activities in the watershed, whereas Odae Stream is relatively undisturbed and is surrounded by a well-conserved forest area. Song Stream had significantly higher levels of all nutrients and sediment-related factors due to the adjacent agricultural area. As a result, Song Stream had markedly lower species community indices, such as taxa richness and abundance. In Song Stream, macroinvertebrate scrapers and predators were most adversely affected, whereas collector-gatherers became a dominant group. Based on correlation and multivariate analyses, total dissolved solids had the strongest negative relationship with macroinvertebrate assemblages, followed by electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, and pH. The proportion of cobble in stream substrate was positively related to the richness and abundance of macroinvertebrates. Our results indicate that disturbances caused by agricultural land use, particularly sand deposition, had significant adverse effects on macroinvertebrate habitats and on the biotic integrity of benthic macroinvertebrate communities.

Proper selection of an osteotome for nasal osteotomy is important for minimizing soft tissue trauma. Radiographic analysis of the facial bony lateral wall thickness was performed to suggest a guideline for an appropriate osteotome size for Asians. Facial bone computed tomography (CT) of 100 patients (50 male, 50 female) were studied. The thickness of the facial bony lateral wall at three points along the track of a lateral osteotomy, and two points along the track of a medial osteotomy and intermediate osteotomy were measured. The average bony thickness along the track of a lateral osteotomy was 2.61 ± 0.66 mm at the low level, 2.75 ± 0.76 mm at the middle level, and 2.72 ± 0.53 mm at the high level in subjects. The average bony thickness along the track of an intermediate osteotomy were 1.26 ± 0.34 mm at the low level, and 1.31 ± 0.32 mm at the high level in the subjects. The average bony thickness along the track of the medial osteotomy were 2.54 ± 0.31 mm at the lowlevel, and 2.77 ± 0.30 mm at the high level in subjects. These results may provide a guideline for choosing an osteotome of appropriate size for the Asian population.

A patient with an arteriovenous fistula that developed after a traffic accident was recently treated. The patient noticed pulsatile tinnitus in the right orbital region two months after the accident. On the first visit, the preliminary clinical impression of this case was a carotid-cavernous fistula, but angiography showed a fistula between the posterior auricular artery and the internal jugular vein. Although rare, this arteriovenous fistula should be included in the differential diagnosis of pusatile tinnitus in the orbit region. The fistula was controlled by embolization with a platinum coil. This is the first report of an arteriovenous fistula between the posterior auricular artery and internal jugular vein.

We have investigated the variables affecting passivation and resistivities of Cu alloy, which was sputter prepared from a Cu(6 at.%Mg) target. The results show that oxidation of Cu(Mg) alloy includes the surface segregation of Mg and its preferential oxidation. Sufficient surface segregation of Mg is necessary to form the high quality, protective MgO layer on the surface. The interfacial oxide layer produced from the reaction of Mg and SiO2 does not serve as a barrier against Mg diffusion, thereby the generation of free Si seems to continue until Mg is exhausted in copper. Therefore, lowering the contents of Mg in copper is required to reduce the resistivity of Cu(Mg) alloy. In-situ heating of substrate is very effective to reduce the Mg contents in copper alloy and to enhance the surface segregation of Mg, thereby facilitating the passivation of Cu(Mg) alloy with the low resistivity, especially during the low temperature oxidation.

One of the biggest problems in pneumatic system design is over design. Thus, the results are excessive in costs of the initial investment and it requires too much energy. This article describes the development of expert system based pneumatic design system, PNEUDES (PNEUmatic Design Expert System), prototype that enables the user the optimal design of pneumatic system. Once the design requirements such as cylinder type and work load, etc. are input to the system, optimal cylinder specifications with standardized order-based size, valves types, and necessary accessories are all determined. Also the configuration information such as the connectivity among components and cylinder image data are supplied to the user. It can also help the novice of pneumatic design. The rule-based reasoning approach is used as a reasoning strategy with Intelligent Rule Element shell.

Uniform and reproducible silicon tip arrays were fabricated using the reactive ion etching followed by the re-oxidation sharpening. Molybdenum was then coated on the some of the silicon tip array. Current-voltage characteristics and current fluctuations were measured in the high vacuum environment. Field emission currents were proved by the Fowler-Nordheim plot studies.

Heterostructural properties of pseudomorphic (AlGaAs/GaAs), partially strained (GaInAs/GaAs), and highly strained (GaAs/Si) semiconductor systems have been studied using High Resolution Double-Crystal X-ray Diffraction (DXRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Using the high resolution DXRD with CuKα1 and two-reflection Si (220) monochromator, we obtained (004) symmetric and (115) or (224) asymmetric reflection rocking curves for samples grown by molecular beam epitaxy. With 0.5 μm thick samples, perpendicular and in-plane lattice mismatches were calculated using elastic theory and compared with each other. The different degree of relaxation for these samples was observed and correlated with the lattice mismatch, X-ray layer peak broadening (i.e., full width at half maximum), and SEM surface morphology. For a GaInAs/GaAs sample, the strain relaxation along one of the <110> directions was more than the other direction, that is, the strain relaxation is not isotrophic. Also we observed that the lines were mainly parallel in one direction, i.e., they did not form a cross-hatch pattern. TEM images from both cross-sectional and planar views of the samples will be presented.