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16 results

  • Ethnicity as a predictor of outcomes of psychological therapies for anxiety and depression: a retrospective cohort analysis

  • Federica Amati, John Green, Lauren Kitchin, Hilary Watt, Sophie Jones, Noor AlRubaye, Lucy McCann, Geva Greenfield
  • Journal:
    Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy / Volume 51 / Issue 2 / March 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    06 February 2023, pp. 164-173
    Print publication:
    March 2023
  • Background:

    Studies on predictors of outcomes of treatment for common mental health disorders (CMDs) in community mental health settings are scarce, and sample sizes are often small. Research on the impact of identifying as a member of an ethnic minority group on treatment outcomes is limited.

    Aims:

    To ascertain whether ethnicity is an independent predictor of outcome and the extent to which any association is mediated by other sociodemographic factors.

    Method:

    Retrospective observational study of anonymised treatment data collected for routine clinical purposes. Data were analysed from nine Improving Access to Psychological Therapy (IAPT) services from 2009 to 2016. Social functioning, ethnic group, age, gender, occupation and baseline severity of the mental health disorder were analysed as predictors of outcome.

    Results:

    Outcomes varied with ethnic group. Levels of occupation, social deprivation, initial morbidity and social functioning varied between ethnic groups at baseline. After adjustment for these factors the impact of ethnicity was attenuated and only some ethnic groups remained as significant independent predictors of treatment outcome.

    Conclusions:

    Ethnic minority status is a marker for multiple disadvantages. Some of the differences in outcome seen between ethnic groups may be the result of more general factors present in all ethnic groups but at greater intensity in some ethnic minority groups.

  • 12 - Women, Family & Daily Life in Senegal's Nineteenth- Century Atlantic Towns

  • from Part Three - Mobility
  • Edited by Mariana P. Candido, Adam Jones
  • Book:
    African Women in the Atlantic World
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    26 March 2019
    Print publication:
    15 February 2019, pp 233-247

  • Summary

    The emergence of Afro-European societies on Senegal's Atlantic coast is predominantly a history of women. In the heyday of Portuguese trade along the coast of Senegambia in the early seventeenth century, women served as intermediaries between European sailors and African rulers. In the eighteenth century, African families settled around the European forts built on the coastal islands of Gorée and Saint Louis. Some African women who lived in these settlements entered into unions with European merchants, soldiers or officers, called mariage à la mode du pays (marriage in the custom of the country). Known in the literature as signares, senhoras or nharas, this class of socially esteemed women became associated with inter-racial marriage and entrepreneurial acumen. Signareship resembled the practice of casar on the Gold Coast where elders married free daughters or domestic slaves to Europeans resident in the trade towns. In Senegal, however, the extent to which the extended family played a role in brokering marital alliances to expand the lineage and incorporate strangers is unclear. In Senegal as in the Gold Coast, the women who entered into these unions not only facilitated the encounter between Africa and Europe but also provided the foundation for the expansion of commerce and diplomacy. By establishing Afro-European households, these women laid the groundwork that subsequently allowed French officials as well as male rulers, clerics, traders and urban politicians to establish the patterns of accommodation that made colonialism work in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

    Although historians have paid a great deal of attention to the role of the signares, the literature tends to render the women of Saint Louis and Gorée as one-dimensional figures. For example, interpretations of town life gloss over Muslim women's roles; female slaves are quantified in population data, but scholars rarely address them as individual personalities. French officials typically recorded statistics for the ‘useful [male] population’ of the towns. Furthermore, the administration's bias towards individuals who conformed to French cultural norms meant that extant notarised documents and the civil registries tend to reflect the marital, baptismal, death and property records of women who belonged to European or property-owning, French-educated mixed-race families rather than those of Muslim and African women. One informant reminded me that for the women commonly known by the title signare we rarely know their actual names or the names of their mothers, sisters and friends.

  • 38 - The Testimony of Lamine FilalouA Young Man’s Experience of Enslavement and His Struggle for Freedom in French West Africa

  • from Part Seven - Recorded Encounters with the Enslaved: Christian Workers in Africa
  • Edited by Alice Bellagamba, Sandra E. Greene, Cornell University, New York, Martin A. Klein, University of Toronto
  • Book:
    African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade
    Published online:
    05 April 2013
    Print publication:
    13 May 2013, pp 437-444

  • Summary

    For most of the nineteenth century, British control of the Gambia River was limited to a number of small enclaves. Slave labor was crucial both to the household economy and the expansion of commercial groundnut cultivation, which had boomed along the river in the second part of the century. This chapter describes the nature of slavery and slave-dealing in Gambia. It presents the testimonies of Yahling Dahbo, Dado Bass, and Maladdo Mangah in light of the particular vulnerability that enslaved women experienced. Yahling, Dado, and Maladdo together provide detailed recollections of their life in slavery. Domestic slavery could indeed have a benign face that mitigated the intrinsic vulnerability of having being enslaved. Legal abolition did not completely erase the social boundary between former slaves and masters, as slave origins still carry significance in contemporary Gambian social life.

  • RETHINKING POLITICS IN THE COLONY: THE MÉTIS OF SENEGAL AND URBAN POLITICS IN THE LATE NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY*

  • HILARY JONES
  • Journal:
    The Journal of African History / Volume 53 / Issue 3 / November 2012
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    09 January 2013, pp. 325-344

  • Senegal was unique in French West Africa for the nature and extent of electoral institutions that operated in its colonial towns. In the 1870s, Third Republic France elaborated on earlier short-lived policies by re-establishing local assemblies and a legislative seat for Senegal in Paris. Although histories of modern politics focus on Blaise Diagne's 1914 election to the French National Assembly, a local assembly called the General Council held greater power over economic and political matters affecting the colony between 1870 and 1920. This article reconsiders the history of urban politics in colonial Senegal by examining the ways that the métis (mixed race population) used the General Council as their field of engagement with French officials, sometimes facilitating the consolidation of French rule but at other times contesting colonial practice.

  • Influenza Vaccination among Healthcare Workers: Ten-Year Experience of a Large Healthcare Organization

  • M. Cristina Ajenjo, Keith F. Woeltje, Hilary M. Babcock, Nancy Gemeinhart, Marilyn Jones, Victoria J. Fraser
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 31 / Issue 3 / March 2010
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2015, pp. 233-240
    Print publication:
    March 2010
  • Objective.

    To describe the results of different measures implemented to improve adherence to the healthcare worker (HCW) influenza immunization program at BJC HealthCare during the period from 1997 through 2007.

    Design.

    Descriptive retrospective study.

    Setting.

    BJC HealthCare, a 13-hospital nonprofit healthcare organization in the Midwest.

    Methods.

    We reviewed and analyzed HCW influenza vaccination data from all BJC HealthCare Occupational Health Services and hospitals during the period from 1997 through 2007. Occupational health staff, infection prevention personnel, and key influenza vaccination campaign leaders were also interviewed regarding implementation measures during the study years.

    Results.

    At the end of 2007, BJC HealthCare had approximately 26,000 employees. With the use of multiple progressive interventions, influenza vaccination rates among BJC employees increased from 45% in 1997 to 72% in 2007 (P<.001). The influenza vaccination rate in 2007 was significantly higher than in 2006: 72%, compared with 54% (P<.001). Five hospitals had influenza vaccination rates that exceeded the target goal of 80% in 2007. The most successful interventions were adding influenza vaccination rates to the quality scorecard incentive program and the use of declination statements, both of which were implemented in 2007. The most important barriers to success identified by interview respondents were HCWs' misconceptions about influenza vaccination and a perceived lack of leadership support.

    Conclusions.

    Influenza vaccination rates among HCWs significantly improved with multiple interventions over the years. However, the BJC HealthCare influenza vaccination target of 80% was not attained at all hospitals with these measures. More aggressive interventions, such as implementing mandatory influenza vaccination policies, are needed to achieve higher vaccination rates.

  • Abnormal anterior cingulum integrity in bipolar disorder determined through diffusion tensor imaging

  • Fei Wang, Marcel Jackowski, Jessica H. Kalmar, Lara G. Chepenik, Karen Tie, Maolin Qiu, Gaolang Gong, Brian P. Pittman, Monique M. Jones, Maulik P. Shah, Linda Spencer, Xenophon Papademetris, R. Todd Constable, Hilary P. Blumberg
  • Journal:
    The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 193 / Issue 2 / August 2008
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2018, pp. 126-129
    Print publication:
    August 2008
    • Article
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  • Background

    Convergent evidence implicates white matter abnormalities in bipolar disorder. The cingulum is an important candidate structure for study in bipolar disorder as it provides substantial white matter connections within the corticolimbic neural system that subserves emotional regulation involved in the disorder.

    Aims

    To test the hypothesis that bipolar disorder is associated with abnormal white matter integrity in the cingulum.

    Method

    Fractional anisotropy in the anterior and posterior cingulum was compared between 42 participants with bipolar disorder and 42 healthy participants using diffusion tensor imaging.

    Results

    Fractional anisotropy was significantly decreased in the anterior cingulum in the bipolar disorder group compared with the healthy group (P=0.003); however, fractional anisotropy in the posterior cingulum did not differ significantly between groups.

    Conclusions

    Our findings demonstrate abnormalities in the structural integrity of the anterior cingulum in bipolar disorder. They extend evidence that supports involvement of the neural system comprising the anterior cingulate cortex and its corticolimbic gray matter connection sites in bipolar disorder to implicate abnormalities in the white matter connections within the system provided by the cingulum.

  • Microbial detachment from biofilms

    • By Gillian F. Moore, Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Exeter University, Exeter, UK, Braden C. Dunsmore, Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Exeter University, Exeter, UK, Steven M. Jones, Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Exeter University, Exeter, UK, Christopher W. Smejkal, Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Exeter University, Exeter, UK, Jana Jass, Department of Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, Paul Stoodley, Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, Hilary M. Lappin-Scott, Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Exeter University, Exeter, UK
  • Edited by David G. Allison, University of Manchester, P. Gilbert, University of Manchester, H. M. Lappin-Scott, University of Exeter, M. Wilson
  • Book:
    Community Structure and Co-operation in Biofilms
    Published online:
    03 June 2010
    Print publication:
    23 October 2000, pp 107-128

  • Summary

    INTRODUCTION

    This chapter reviews the broad area of biofilm detachment, the mechanisms of detachment and the methods used to study this important process. Two case studies are included: the first of these focuses on the control of clinical biofilms; the second case study examines detachment in the water industry.

    Biofilms are dynamic structures found in a wide variety of both natural and man-made environments. Their formation has been well studied; for example, Characklis (1990) described eight different stages of biofilm accumulation (Table 1 and Fig. 1). There has been much research into the initial attachment of micro-organisms to surfaces, including the effect of electrostatic interactions and electrochemical forces (Bos et al., 1999). The physiological changes that attaching cells undergo have also been examined; for example, the production of surface appendages such as fimbriae (Austin et al., 1998). In contrast to the work undertaken on attachment, detachment has received little attention although many researchers regard it as a crucial stage of biofilm development (Stewart, 1993; Allison et al., 1999).

    Bryers (1988) classified the detachment process into four separate groups: abrasion, grazing, erosion and sloughing. Detachment from the biofilm can be directly caused by the collision or rubbing together of surfaces on which the biofilm has developed, leading to abrasive detachment. Larger organisms feeding on the biofilm can indirectly cause detachment through grazing. Erosion and sloughing refer to physical or chemical processes, which indirectly affect the biofilm structure, leading to detachment. Erosion refers to the continual removal of cells or small groups of cells from the biofilm, whereas sloughing is the loss of discrete amounts of biofilm.

  • The Collfryn Hillslope Enclosure, Llansantffraid Deuddwr, Powys: Excavations 1980–1982

  • William Britnell, Jenny Britnell, Timothy C. Darvill, Stephen Greep, Elizabeth Healey, Hilary Howard, Gillian Jones, Glynis Jones, Helen C. M. Keeley, Annie Milles, Graham C. Morgan, Elaine L. Morris, Mansel G. Spratling, Janet Webster, Peter V. Webster
  • Journal:
    Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society / Volume 55 / Issue 1 / 1989
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    12 June 2014, pp. 89-134
    Print publication:
    1989

  • The report on partial rescue excavations of the Collfryn enclosure between 1980–82 presents a summary of the first large-scale investigation of one of the numerous semi-defensive cropmark and earthwork enclosure sites in the upper Severn valley in mid-Wales. Earlier prehistoric activity of an ephemeral nature is represented by a scattering of Mesolithic and Late Neolithic or early Bronze Age flintwork, and by a pit containing sherds of several different Beaker vessels. The first enclosed settlement, constructed in about the 3rd century bc probably consisted of three widely-spaced concentric ditches, associated with banks of simple dump construction, having a single gated entranceway on the downhill side. It covered an area of about 2.5 ha and appears to have been of a relatively high social status, and appropriate in size for a single extended-family group. This was subsequently reduced in about the 1st century bc to a double-ditched enclosure, by the recutting of the original inner ditch and the cutting of a new ditch immediately outside it. The habitation area between the 3rd and 1st centuries bc probably focused on timber buildings in the central enclosure of about 0.4 ha, whose gradually evolving pattern appears to have comprised between 3–4 roundhouses and 4–5 four-posters at any one time. Little excavation was undertaken between the outer ditches of the first phase settlement, but these are assumed to have been used as stock enclosures. A mixed farming economy is suggested by cattle, sheep/goat and pig remains, and remains of glume wheats, barley and oats. Industries included small-scale iron and bronze-working. The Iron Age settlement was essentially aceramic, although there are significant quantities of a coarse, oxidized ceramic probably representing salt traded from production centres in the Cheshire Plain. The entranceway was remodelled in about the late 1st or early 2nd, century AD by means of a timber-lined passage linked to a new gate on the line of the inner bank. There is equivocal evidence of continued occupation within the inner enclosure continuing until at least the mid-4th century AD, possibly at a comparatively low social level, associated with domestic structures of uncertain form sited on earlier roundhouse platforms, and including some four-posters and possible six-posters. Drainage ditches were dug across parts of the site during the Medieval and post-Medieval periods, which were associated with various structures, including a corn-drying kiln inserted into the inner enclosure bank in the 15th century.