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The large sieve takes various forms, as a mean square upper bound for a trigonometric polynomial at well-spaced points, as a mean square upper bound for the distribution of a set of integers into arithmetic progressions, and as a mean square upper bound for character sums. We take the trigonometric form to be fundamental and derive the other versions from it.
Our best unconditional bounds for ψ(x, χ), such as Theorem 11.16, are not very good owing to our rather limited knowledge of the zero-free region of L(s, χ). It is possible to extend the range for the modulus q of χ at the expense of the error term or by including zeros close to 1. See Corollary 11.20 or the chapter on Vinogradov’s mean value theorem in the forthcoming Volume III. If we assume GRH, then we have a much better estimate (cf. Theorem 13.7). However, in some situations, a good bound for an average of |ψ (x, χ) | is all that is required, and such bounds can be obtained unconditionally by combining our methods of Chapter 17 with the large sieve.
In this chapter we return to the topic of Chapter 3, (small) sieves, which we now treat, at least initially, in some generality. However our objective is to give nothing more than an introduction and some applications to what has become a vast and complex subject. Readers who wish to see the many aspects of the subject in more detail are advised to consult the standard reference on the subject, Friedlander & Iwaniec (2010).
We are interested in non-trivial bounds for sums of the form where f(x) is a smooth, real-valued function. In this chapter, we develop methods whereby one may show that such a sum is indeed o(N). The quality of the results depends on the finer properties of f.
An important role is played in the most recent developments on gaps between primes by suitable sets of prime k-tuples. Thus before proceeding with this chapter the reader would be well advised to review the contents of §18.5. The principal idea is to use artefacts from sieve theory, especially the Selberg sieve, not directly in the form of a sieve but as a means to increase the likelihood that certain constellations of 𝑘-tuples have relatively few prime factors.
If f is monotonic, then we can estimate S by using the Prime Number Theorem and integration by parts. If f is multiplicative, then we can gain information concerning S by studying the properties of the associated Dirichlet series Σ f(n)n–S.
This long-anticipated work shares the aims of its celebrated companion: namely, to provide an introduction for students and a reference for researchers to the techniques, results, and terminology of multiplicative number theory. This volume builds on the earlier one (which served as an introduction to basic, classical results) and focuses on sieve methods. This area has witnessed a number of major advances in recent years, e.g. gaps between primes, large values of Dirichlet polynomials and zero density estimates, all of which feature here. Despite the fact that the book can serve as an entry to contemporary mathematics, it remains largely self-contained, with appendices containing background or material more advanced than undergraduate mathematics. Again, exercises, of which there is a profusion, illustrate the theory or indicate ways in which it can be developed. Each chapter ends with a thorough set of references, which will be essential for all analytic number theorists.