There is a number of strict alcohol and drug abusers all around the world. They need in some funds for substances buying and often they do not have regular work commit a crimes. Besides frequently addicts underestimate their own condition and anosognosia happens regularly.

Sometimes they fear to attend state health institutions even on ambulant and anonymous basis, because it might lead to restriction of their work and life opportunities in consequence in Russia (taking away of drive license etc.). The last one is a way for risks reducing in society to eliminate of dangerous drivers, but it declines of addicts opportunities to get professional medical support from medical specialists. All of these factors lead to pushing out of alcohol and drug users from the society, and as a result lead to increasing of their unhealthy behavior and crime activity.

There is developed system in Germany for incorporation of patients with addiction disorders into the society. It includes some social benefits for patients, encouraging their attending to outpatient departments, facilitating employers to adopt these patients for work.

On the one hand, this approach increases risks for society and patient, because a person with addiction disorder get permission for potential dangerous activity (eg. driving). But ultimately it facilitates for developing of the health behavior by individuals, decreasing of social risks through incorporation of the person to the society and improving of social environment.

A large body of literature reported widespread structural and functional abnormalities throughout the brain in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SZ). Corresponding with the typical symptomatology in SZ where sensory dysfunctions contribute to the core social and cognitive impairment, converging evidence suggests a disturbed interplay between higher-order (cognitive) and lower-order (sensory) regions. This talk will discuss the results of several recent studies, investigating brain connectivity in SZ using functional magnetic resonance imaging data from large samples. Within-network sensorimotor as well as sensorimotor-thalamic aberrations in SZ robustly appear among the core findings across studies, both during performance of cognitive tasks and during rest. We utilized machine learning to distinguish SZ from healthy controls based on connectivity profiles. When classifying on sensorimotor connections alone, not only can we reach accuracies largely above chance but also, these accuracies are as good as when incorporating whole brain connectivity in the classification. Whereas the overall accuracy levels in distinguishing SZ from controls are not useful in a clinical context, these results underline the robustness of the sensorimotor findings on the individual subject level. Targeting the sensory and perceptual domains may thus be key for future research to get a better understanding of the heterogeneity of clinical manifestations in severe mental disorders and to map clinical symptoms to imaging phenotypes.

The COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins) project is a large international collaborative effort to analyze individual-level phenotype data from twins in multiple cohorts from different environments. The main objective is to study factors that modify genetic and environmental variation of height, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and size at birth, and additionally to address other research questions such as long-term consequences of birth size. The project started in 2013 and is open to all twin projects in the world having height and weight measures on twins with information on zygosity. Thus far, 54 twin projects from 24 countries have provided individual-level data. The CODATwins database includes 489,981 twin individuals (228,635 complete twin pairs). Since many twin cohorts have collected longitudinal data, there is a total of 1,049,785 height and weight observations. For many cohorts, we also have information on birth weight and length, own smoking behavior and own or parental education. We found that the heritability estimates of height and BMI systematically changed from infancy to old age. Remarkably, only minor differences in the heritability estimates were found across cultural–geographic regions, measurement time and birth cohort for height and BMI. In addition to genetic epidemiological studies, we looked at associations of height and BMI with education, birth weight and smoking status. Within-family analyses examined differences within same-sex and opposite-sex dizygotic twins in birth size and later development. The CODATwins project demonstrates the feasibility and value of international collaboration to address gene-by-exposure interactions that require large sample sizes and address the effects of different exposures across time, geographical regions and socioeconomic status.

Whether monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins differ from each other in a variety of phenotypes is important for genetic twin modeling and for inferences made from twin studies in general. We analyzed whether there were differences in individual, maternal and paternal education between MZ and DZ twins in a large pooled dataset. Information was gathered on individual education for 218,362 adult twins from 27 twin cohorts (53% females; 39% MZ twins), and on maternal and paternal education for 147,315 and 143,056 twins respectively, from 28 twin cohorts (52% females; 38% MZ twins). Together, we had information on individual or parental education from 42 twin cohorts representing 19 countries. The original education classifications were transformed to education years and analyzed using linear regression models. Overall, MZ males had 0.26 (95% CI [0.21, 0.31]) years and MZ females 0.17 (95% CI [0.12, 0.21]) years longer education than DZ twins. The zygosity difference became smaller in more recent birth cohorts for both males and females. Parental education was somewhat longer for fathers of DZ twins in cohorts born in 1990–1999 (0.16 years, 95% CI [0.08, 0.25]) and 2000 or later (0.11 years, 95% CI [0.00, 0.22]), compared with fathers of MZ twins. The results show that the years of both individual and parental education are largely similar in MZ and DZ twins. We suggest that the socio-economic differences between MZ and DZ twins are so small that inferences based upon genetic modeling of twin data are not affected.

We analyzed birth order differences in means and variances of height and body mass index (BMI) in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins from infancy to old age. The data were derived from the international CODATwins database. The total number of height and BMI measures from 0.5 to 79.5 years of age was 397,466. As expected, first-born twins had greater birth weight than second-born twins. With respect to height, first-born twins were slightly taller than second-born twins in childhood. After adjusting the results for birth weight, the birth order differences decreased and were no longer statistically significant. First-born twins had greater BMI than the second-born twins over childhood and adolescence. After adjusting the results for birth weight, birth order was still associated with BMI until 12 years of age. No interaction effect between birth order and zygosity was found. Only limited evidence was found that birth order influenced variances of height or BMI. The results were similar among boys and girls and also in MZ and DZ twins. Overall, the differences in height and BMI between first- and second-born twins were modest even in early childhood, while adjustment for birth weight reduced the birth order differences but did not remove them for BMI.

Direct numerical simulations of the fully developed turbulent flow through a porous square duct are performed to study the effect of the permeable wall on the secondary cross-stream flow. The volume-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are used to describe the flow in the porous phase, a packed bed with porosity ${\it\varepsilon}_{c}=0.95$. The porous square duct is computed at $\mathit{Re}_{b}\simeq 5000$ and compared with the numerical simulations of a turbulent duct with four solid walls. The two boundary layers on the top wall and porous interface merge close to the centre of the duct, as opposed to the channel, because the sidewall boundary layers inhibit the growth of the shear layer over the porous interface. The most relevant feature in the porous duct is the enhanced magnitude of the secondary flow, which exceeds that of a regular duct by a factor of four. This is related to the increased vertical velocity, and the different interaction between the ejections from the sidewalls and the porous medium. We also report a significant decrease in the streamwise turbulence intensity over the porous wall of the duct (which is also observed in a porous channel), and the appearance of short spanwise rollers in the buffer layer, replacing the streaky structures of wall-bounded turbulence. These spanwise rollers most probably result from a Kelvin–Helmholtz type of instability, and their width is limited by the presence of the sidewalls.

A trend toward greater body size in dizygotic (DZ) than in monozygotic (MZ) twins has been suggested by some but not all studies, and this difference may also vary by age. We analyzed zygosity differences in mean values and variances of height and body mass index (BMI) among male and female twins from infancy to old age. Data were derived from an international database of 54 twin cohorts participating in the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins), and included 842,951 height and BMI measurements from twins aged 1 to 102 years. The results showed that DZ twins were consistently taller than MZ twins, with differences of up to 2.0 cm in childhood and adolescence and up to 0.9 cm in adulthood. Similarly, a greater mean BMI of up to 0.3 kg/m2 in childhood and adolescence and up to 0.2 kg/m2 in adulthood was observed in DZ twins, although the pattern was less consistent. DZ twins presented up to 1.7% greater height and 1.9% greater BMI than MZ twins; these percentage differences were largest in middle and late childhood and decreased with age in both sexes. The variance of height was similar in MZ and DZ twins at most ages. In contrast, the variance of BMI was significantly higher in DZ than in MZ twins, particularly in childhood. In conclusion, DZ twins were generally taller and had greater BMI than MZ twins, but the differences decreased with age in both sexes.

For over 100 years, the genetics of human anthropometric traits has attracted scientific interest. In particular, height and body mass index (BMI, calculated as kg/m2) have been under intensive genetic research. However, it is still largely unknown whether and how heritability estimates vary between human populations. Opportunities to address this question have increased recently because of the establishment of many new twin cohorts and the increasing accumulation of data in established twin cohorts. We started a new research project to analyze systematically (1) the variation of heritability estimates of height, BMI and their trajectories over the life course between birth cohorts, ethnicities and countries, and (2) to study the effects of birth-related factors, education and smoking on these anthropometric traits and whether these effects vary between twin cohorts. We identified 67 twin projects, including both monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins, using various sources. We asked for individual level data on height and weight including repeated measurements, birth related traits, background variables, education and smoking. By the end of 2014, 48 projects participated. Together, we have 893,458 height and weight measures (52% females) from 434,723 twin individuals, including 201,192 complete twin pairs (40% monozygotic, 40% same-sex dizygotic and 20% opposite-sex dizygotic) representing 22 countries. This project demonstrates that large-scale international twin studies are feasible and can promote the use of existing data for novel research purposes.

Antarctic and Southern Ocean science is vital to understanding natural variability, the processes that govern global change and the role of humans in the Earth and climate system. The potential for new knowledge to be gained from future Antarctic science is substantial. Therefore, the international Antarctic community came together to ‘scan the horizon’ to identify the highest priority scientific questions that researchers should aspire to answer in the next two decades and beyond. Wide consultation was a fundamental principle for the development of a collective, international view of the most important future directions in Antarctic science. From the many possibilities, the horizon scan identified 80 key scientific questions through structured debate, discussion, revision and voting. Questions were clustered into seven topics: i) Antarctic atmosphere and global connections, ii) Southern Ocean and sea ice in a warming world, iii) ice sheet and sea level, iv) the dynamic Earth, v) life on the precipice, vi) near-Earth space and beyond, and vii) human presence in Antarctica. Answering the questions identified by the horizon scan will require innovative experimental designs, novel applications of technology, invention of next-generation field and laboratory approaches, and expanded observing systems and networks. Unbiased, non-contaminating procedures will be required to retrieve the requisite air, biota, sediment, rock, ice and water samples. Sustained year-round access to Antarctica and the Southern Ocean will be essential to increase winter-time measurements. Improved models are needed that represent Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the Earth System, and provide predictions at spatial and temporal resolutions useful for decision making. A co-ordinated portfolio of cross-disciplinary science, based on new models of international collaboration, will be essential as no scientist, programme or nation can realize these aspirations alone.

The Ultra-Fast Flash Observatory (UFFO), which will be launched onboard theLomonosov spacecraft, contains two crucial instruments: UFFO BurstAlert & Trigger Telescope (UBAT) for detection and localization of Gamma-Ray Bursts(GRBs) and the fast-response Slewing Mirror Telescope (SMT) designed for the observationof the prompt optical/UV counterparts. Here we discuss the in-space calibrations of theUBAT detector and SMT telescope. After the launch, the observations of the standard X-raysources such as pulsar in Crab nebula will provide data for necessary calibrations ofUBAT. Several standard stars will be used for the photometric calibration of SMT. Thecelestial X-ray sources, e.g. X-ray binaries with bright optical sourcesin their close angular vicinity will serve for the cross-calibration of UBAT and SMT.

The Ultra-Fast Flash Observatory (UFFO) Pathfinder for Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) consistsof two telescopes. The UFFO Burst Alert & Trigger Telescope (UBAT) handles thedetection and localization of GRBs, and the Slewing Mirror Telescope (SMT) conducts themeasurement of the UV/optical afterglow. UBAT is equipped with an X-ray detector, analogand digital signal readout electronics that detects X-rays from GRBs and determines thelocation. SMT is equipped with a stepping motor and the associated electronics to rotatethe slewing mirror targeting the GRBs identified by UBAT. First the slewing mirror pointsto a GRB, then SMT obtains the optical image of the GRB using the intensified CCD and itsreadout electronics. The UFFO Data Acquisition system (UDAQ) is responsible for theoverall function and operation of the observatory and the communication with the satellitemain processor. In this paper we present the design and implementation of the electronicsof UBAT and SMT as well as the architecture and implementation of UDAQ.

LOFT (Large Observatory For X-ray Timing) is one of the four candidate missions currentlyunder assessment study for the M3 mission in ESAs Cosmic Vision program to be launched in2024. LOFT will carry two instruments with prime sensitivity in the 2–30 keV range: a 10m2 class large area detector (LAD) with a <1° collimated field of viewand a wide field monitor (WFM) instrument. The WFM is based on the coded mask principle,and 5 camera units will provide coverage of more than 1/3 of the sky. The prime goal ofthe WFM is to detect transient sources to be observed by the LAD. With its wide field ofview and good energy resolution of <500 eV, the WFM will be an excellent instrumentfor detecting and studying GRBs and X-ray flashes. The WFM will be able to detect~150 gamma ray bursts per year, and a burst alert system will enable thedistribution of ~100 GRB positions per year with a ~1 arcmin locationaccuracy within 30 s of the burst.

One of the unexplored domains in the study of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is the early timephase of the optical light curve. We have proposed Ultra-Fast Flash Observatory (UFFO) toaddress this question through extraordinary opportunities presented by a series of smallspace missions. The UFFO is equipped with a fast-response Slewing Mirror Telescope thatuses a rapidly moving mirror or mirror array to redirect the optical beam rather thanslewing the entire spacecraft or telescope to aim the optical instrument at the GRBposition. The UFFO will probe the early optical rise of GRBs with sub-second response, forthe first time, opening a completely new frontier in GRB and transient studies. Its fastresponse measurements of the optical emission of dozens of GRB each year will provideunique probes of the burst mechanism and test the prospect of GRB as a new standardcandle, potentially opening up the z > 10 universe. We describe the current limit inearly photon measurements, the aspects of early photon physics, our soon-to-be-launchedUFFO-pathfinder mission, and our next planned mission, the UFFO-100.

The Slewing Mirror Telescope (SMT) is the UV/optical telescope of UFFO-pathfinder. TheSMT optical system is a Ritchey-Chrétien (RC) telescope of 100 mm diameter pointed bymeans of a gimbal-mounted flat mirror in front of the telescope. The RC telescope has a17 × 17arcmin2 in Field of View and 4.3 arcsec resolution (full width halfmaximum of the point spread function) The beam-steering mirror enables the SMT to access a35 × 35degree region and point and settle within 1 sec. All mirrors were fabricated toabout 0.02 wavelengths RMS in wave front error (WFE) and 84.7% average reflectivity over200 nm ~ 650 nm. The RC telescope was aligned to 0.05 wavelengths RMS in WFE (testwavelength 632.8 nm). In this paper, the technical details of the RC telescope and slewingmirror system assembly, integration, and testing are given shortly, and performance testsof the full SMT optical system are reported.

The UFFO (Ultra-Fast Flash Observatory) is a GRB detector on board the Lomonosovsatellite, to be launched in 2013. The GRB trigger is provided by an X-ray detector,called UBAT (UFFO Burst Alarm & Trigger Telescope), which detects X-rays from the GRBand then triggers to determine the direction of the GRB and then alerts the Slewing MirrorTelescope (SMT) to turn in the direction of the GRB and record the optical photon fluxes.This report details the calibration of the two components: the MAPMTs and the YSO crystalsand simulations of the UBAT. The results shows that this design can observe a GRB within afield of view of ±35° and can trigger in a time scale as short as 0.2 – 1.0 safter the appearance of a GRB X-ray spike.

The Ultra-Fast Flash Observatory (UFFO) is a space observatory for optical follow-ups ofgamma ray bursts (GRBs), aiming to explore the first 60 seconds of GRBs optical emission.UFFO is utilized to catch early optical emissions from GRBs within few sec after triggerusing a Gimbal mirror which redirects the optical path rather than slewing entirespacecraft. We have developed a 15 cm two-axis Gimbal mirror stage for the UFFO-Pathfinderwhich is going to be on board the Lomonosov satellite which is to be launched in 2013. Thestage is designed for fast and accurate motion with given budgets of 3 kg of mass and 3Watt of power. By employing stepping motors, the slewing mirror can rotate faster than 15deg/sec so that objects in the UFFO coverage (60 deg × 60 deg) can be targeted in~1 sec. The obtained targeting resolution is better 2 arcmin using a close-loopcontrol with high precision rotary encoder. In this presentation, we will discuss detailsof design, manufacturing, space qualification tests, as well as performance tests.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited childhood-onset life-shortening disease. It is characterized by increased respiratory production, leading to airway obstruction, chronic lung infection and inflammatory reactions. The most common bacteria causing persisting infections in people with CF is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) conjugated to the antibiotic (tobramycin), guided by a gradient of the magnetic field or subjected to an oscillating magnetic field, show promise in improving the drug delivery across the mucus and P. aeruginosa biofilm to the bacteria. The question remains whether tobramycin needs to be released from the NPs after the penetration of the mucus barrier in order to act upon the pathogenic bacteria. We used a zero-length 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) crosslinking agent to couple tobramycin, via its amine groups, to the carboxyl groups on Fe3O4 NPs capped with citric acid. The therapeutic efficiency of Fe3O4 NPs attached to the drug versus that of the free drug was investigated in P. aeruginosa culture.

The Ultra-Fast Flash Observatory (UFFO) aims to detect the earliest moment of Gamma-RayBursts (GRBs) which is not well known, resulting into the enhancement of GRB mechanismunderstanding. The pathfinder mission was proposed to be a scaled-down version of UFFO,and only contains the UFFO Burst Alert & Trigger Telescope (UBAT) measuring theX-ray/gamma-ray with the wide-field of view and the Slewing Mirror Telescope (SMT) with arapid-response for the UV/optical photons. Once the UBAT detects a GRB candidate with theposition accuracy of 10 arcmin, the SMT steers the UV/optical photons from the candidateto the telescope by the fast rotatable mirror and provides the early UV/optical photonsmeasurements with 4 arcsec accuracy. The SMT has a modified Ritchey-Chrètien telescopewith the aperture size of 10 cm diameter including the rotatable mirror and the imagereadout by the intensified charge-coupled device. There is a key board called the UFFOData Acquisition system (UDAQ) that manages the communication of each telescope and alsoof the satellite and the UFFO overall operation. This pathfinder is designed and builtwithin the limited size and weight of  ~20 kg and the low power consumption up to ~30 W. We will discuss the design and performance of the UFFO-pathfinder, and itsintegration to the Lomonosov satellite.