Recent changes to US research funding are having far-reaching consequences that imperil the integrity of science and the provision of care to vulnerable populations. Resisting these changes, the BJPsych Portfolio reaffirms its commitment to publishing mental science and advancing psychiatric knowledge that improves the mental health of one and all.

The First Large Absorption Survey in H i (FLASH) is a large-area radio survey for neutral hydrogen in and around galaxies in the intermediate redshift range 0.4 < z < 1.0, using the 21-cm H i absorption line as a probe of cold neutral gas. The survey uses the ASKAP radio telescope and will cover 24,000 deg2 of sky over the next five years. FLASH breaks new ground in two ways – it is the first large H i absorption survey to be carried out without any optical preselection of targets, and we use an automated Bayesian line-finding tool to search through large datasets and assign a statistical significance to potential line detections. Two Pilot Surveys, covering around 3000 deg2 of sky, were carried out in 2019-22 to test and verify the strategy for the full FLASH survey. The processed data products from these Pilot Surveys (spectral-line cubes, continuum images, and catalogues) are public and available online. In this paper, we describe the FLASH spectral-line and continuum data products and discuss the quality of the H i spectra and the completeness of our automated line search. Finally, we present a set of 30 new H i absorption lines that were robustly detected in the Pilot Surveys, almost doubling the number of known H i absorption systems at 0.4 < z < 1. The detected lines span a wide range in H i optical depth, including three lines with a peak optical depth τ > 1, and appear to be a mixture of intervening and associated systems. Interestingly, around two-thirds of the lines found in this untargeted sample are detected against sources with a peaked-spectrum radio continuum, which are only a minor (5-20%) fraction of the overall radio-source population. The detection rate for H i absorption lines in the Pilot Surveys (0.3 to 0.5 lines per 40 deg2 ASKAP field) is a factor of two below the expected value. One possible reason for this is the presence of a range of spectral-line artefacts in the Pilot Survey data that have now been mitigated and are not expected to recur in the full FLASH survey. A future paper in this series will discuss the host galaxies of the H i absorption systems identified here.

Infectious disease consultation improves outcomes for S. aureus bacteremia. We developed an electronic health record alert (SABER) to automatically encourage consultation and replace manual intervention. In a pre-post evaluation, high rates of consultation and optimized patient management, shorter time to consult, and high provider-reported satisfaction were observed during SABER implementation.

The stars of the Milky Way carry the chemical history of our Galaxy in their atmospheres as they journey through its vast expanse. Like barcodes, we can extract the chemical fingerprints of stars from high-resolution spectroscopy. The fourth data release (DR4) of the Galactic Archaeology with HERMES (GALAH) Survey, based on a decade of observations, provides the chemical abundances of up to 32 elements for 917 588 stars that also have exquisite astrometric data from the Gaia satellite. For the first time, these elements include life-essential nitrogen to complement carbon, and oxygen as well as more measurements of rare-earth elements critical to modern-life electronics, offering unparalleled insights into the chemical composition of the Milky Way. For this release, we use neural networks to simultaneously fit stellar parameters and abundances across the whole wavelength range, leveraging synthetic grids computed with Spectroscopy Made Easy. These grids account for atomic line formation in non-local thermodynamic equilibrium for 14 elements. In a two-iteration process, we first fit stellar labels to all 1 085 520 spectra, then co-add repeated observations and refine these labels using astrometric data from Gaia and 2MASS photometry, improving the accuracy and precision of stellar parameters and abundances. Our validation thoroughly assesses the reliability of spectroscopic measurements and highlights key caveats. GALAH DR4 represents yet another milestone in Galactic archaeology, combining detailed chemical compositions from multiple nucleosynthetic channels with kinematic information and age estimates. The resulting dataset, covering nearly a million stars, opens new avenues for understanding not only the chemical and dynamical history of the Milky Way but also the broader questions of the origin of elements and the evolution of planets, stars, and galaxies.

The quasi-geostrophic two-layer model is a widely used tool to study baroclinic instability in the ocean. One instability criterion for the inviscid two-layer model is that the potential vorticity (PV) gradient must change sign between the layers. This has a well-known implication if the model includes a linear bottom slope: for sufficiently steep retrograde slopes, instability is suppressed for a flow parallel to the isobaths. This changes in the presence of bottom friction as well as when the PV gradients in the layers are not aligned. We derive the generalised instability condition for the two-layer model with non-zero friction and arbitrary mean flow orientation. This condition involves neither the friction coefficient nor the bottom slope; even infinitesimally weak bottom friction destabilises the system regardless of the bottom slope. We then examine the instability characteristics as a function of varying slope orientation and magnitude. The system is stable across all wavenumbers only if friction is absent and if the planetary, topographic and stretching PV gradients are aligned. Strong bottom friction decreases the growth rates but also alters the dependence on bottom slope. In conclusion, the often mentioned stabilisation by steep bottom slopes in the two-layer model holds only in very specific circumstances, thus probably plays only a limited role in the ocean.

The World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research recommend a plant-based diet to cancer survivors, which may reduce chronic inflammation and excess adiposity associated with worse survival. We investigated associations of plant-based dietary patterns with inflammation biomarkers and body composition in the Pathways Study, in which 3659 women with breast cancer provided validated food frequency questionnaires approximately 2 months after diagnosis. We derived three plant-based diet indices: overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI) and unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI). We assayed circulating inflammation biomarkers related to systemic inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP]), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13). We estimated areas (cm2) of muscle and visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT and SAT) from computed tomography scans. Using multivariable linear regression, we calculated the differences in inflammation biomarkers and body composition for each index. Per 10-point increase for each index: hsCRP was significantly lower by 6·9 % (95 % CI 1·6%, 11·8%) for PDI and 9·0 % (95 % CI 4·9%, 12·8%) for hPDI but significantly higher by 5·4 % (95 % CI 0·5%, 10·5%) for uPDI, and VAT was significantly lower by 7·8 cm2 (95 % CI 2·0 cm2, 13·6 cm2) for PDI and 8·6 cm2 (95 % CI 4·1 cm2, 13·2 cm2) for hPDI but significantly higher by 6·2 cm2 (95 % CI 1·3 cm2, 11·1 cm2) for uPDI. No significant associations were observed for other inflammation biomarkers, muscle, or SAT. A plant-based diet, especially a healthful plant-based diet, may be associated with reduced inflammation and visceral adiposity among breast cancer survivors.

Thermo-responsive hydrogels are smart materials that rapidly switch between hydrophilic (swollen) and hydrophobic (shrunken) states when heated past a threshold temperature, resulting in order-of-magnitude changes in gel volume. Modelling the dynamics of this switch is notoriously difficult and typically involves fitting a large number of microscopic material parameters to experimental data. In this paper, we present and validate an intuitive, macroscopic description of responsive gel dynamics and use it to explore the shrinking, swelling and pumping of responsive hydrogel displacement pumps for microfluidic devices. We finish with a discussion on how such tubular structures may be used to speed up the response times of larger hydrogel smart actuators and unlock new possibilities for dynamic shape change.

Objectives/Goals: Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is an inflammatory skin manifestation of lupus. CLE lesions are frequently colonized by Staphylococcus aureus, a microbe known to promote IFN production and inflammation. Here, we investigate whether type I IFN and inflammatory gene signatures in CLE lesions can be modulated with a topical antibiotic treatment. Methods/Study Population: SLE patients with active CLE lesions (n = 12) were recruited and randomized into a week of topical treatment with either 2% mupirocin or petroleum jelly vehicle. Paired samples were collected before and after 7 days of treatment to assess microbial lesional skin responses. Microbial samples from nares and lesional skin were used to determine baseline and posttreatment Staphylococcus abundance and microbial community profiles by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Inflammatory responses were evaluated by bulk RNA sequencing of lesional skin biopsies. Immunophenotyping of CLE lesions was performed using CIBERSORTx to deconvolute the RNA-seq data into predicted cell populations impacted by treatment. Results/Anticipated Results: We identified 173 differentially expressed genes in CLE lesions after topical mupirocin treatment. Mupirocin treatment decreased the abundance of Staphylococcus associated with CLE lesions without altering the overall diversity of the skin microbiota relative to vehicle. Decreased lesional Staphylococcus burden correlated with decreased IFN pathway signaling and inflammatory gene expression and increased barrier dysfunction. Interestingly, mupirocin treatment lowered skin monocyte levels, and this mupirocin-associated depletion of monocytes correlated with decreased inflammatory gene expression. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Mupirocin treatment decreased lesional Staphylococcus burden and this correlated with decreased IFN signaling and inflammatory gene expression. This study suggests a topical antibiotic could be employed to decrease lupus skin inflammation and type I IFN responses by reducing Staphylococcus colonization.

Auctions that require advance production increase seller costs because inventories must be held. This cost does not exist in production-to-demand markets for which production follows trading, and sales exactly match quantities produced. Data from laboratory computerized double auction markets show that advance-production prices are significantly higher and quantities traded are significantly lower than they are in production-to-demand auctions. Price convergence patterns show advance-production sellers moving toward 9% higher prices and 22% greater earnings.

This paper focuses on two phenomena in Irish agreement – namely, complementarity between overt in-situ arguments and agreement, and the obviation of this complementarity under A-movement. An analysis of these facts is offered in terms of the defective goal ‘incorporation’ (DGI) mechanism proposed by Roberts (2010), and applied to cases of complementarity in Bantu languages by Iorio (2014), and van der Wal (2015, 2020, 2022), as well as asymmetric chains under A-movement, consisting of a full copy and a pronominal $ \phi $-feature bundle; cf. similar configurations discussed by Takahashi & Hulsey (2009), Harizanov (2014), Kramer (2014), Baker & Kramer (2018), inter alios. It is shown that this approach accounts for the facts in Irish and that the same account can be extended to explain facts concerning participial agreement in, for example, Italian. Additional cross-linguistic implications are also considered, particularly with respect to French and Welsh.

We present a 1000 km transect of phase-sensitive radar measurements of ice thickness, basal reflection strength, basal melting and ice-column deformation across the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS). Measurements were gathered at varying intervals in austral summer between 2015 and 2020, connecting the grounding line with the distant ice shelf front. We identified changing basal reflection strengths revealing a variety of basal conditions influenced by ice flow and by ice–ocean interaction at the ice base. Reflection strength is lower across the central RIS, while strong reflections in the near-front and near-grounding line regions correspond with higher basal melt rates, up to 0.47 ± 0.02 m a−1 in the north. Melting from atmospherically warmed surface water extends 150–170 km south of the RIS front. Melt rates up to 0.29 ± 0.03 m a−1 and 0.15 ± 0.03 m a−1 are observed near the grounding lines of the Whillans and Kamb Ice Stream, respectively. Although troublesome to compare directly, our surface-based observations generally agree with the basal melt pattern provided by satellite-based methods but provide a distinctly smoother pattern. Our work delivers a precise measurement of basal melt rates across the RIS, a rare insight that also provides an early 21st-century baseline.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a leading cause of heart failure and the most common indication for a heart transplant. Guidelines are regularly based on studies of adults and applied to the young. Children and adolescents diagnosed with DCM face different lifestyle challenges from individuals diagnosed in adulthood that include medical trauma and are influenced by maturity levels and confidence with advocacy to adults.

Using a UK patient-scientist’s perspective, we reviewed the age-specific challenges faced by the young with DCM, evaluated current guidelines and evidence, and identified areas requiring further recommendations and research. We highlight the importance of (i) the transition clinic from paediatric to adult services, (ii) repeated signposting to mental health services, (iii) standardised guidance on physical activity, (iv) caution surrounding alcohol and smoking, (v) the dangers of illegal drugs, and (vi) reproductive options and health.

Further research is needed to address the many uncertainties in these areas with respect to young age, particularly for physical activity, and such guidance would be welcomed by the young with DCM who must come to terms with being different and more limited amongst healthy peers.

Hypertensive heart disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy both lead to left ventricular hypertrophy despite differing in aetiology. Elucidating the correct aetiology of the presenting hypertrophy can be a challenge for clinicians, especially in patients with overlapping risk factors. Furthermore, drugs typically used to combat hypertensive heart disease may be contraindicated for the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, making the correct diagnosis imperative. In this review, we discuss characteristics of both hypertensive heart disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that may enable clinicians to discriminate the two as causes of left ventricular hypertrophy. We summarise the current literature, which is primarily focused on adult populations, containing discriminative techniques available via diagnostic modalities such as electrocardiography, echocardiography, and cardiac MRI, noting strategies yet to be applied in paediatric populations. Finally, we review pharmacotherapy strategies for each disease with regard to pathophysiology.

We study linear convective instability in a mushy layer formed by solidification of a binary alloy, cooled by either an isothermal perfectly conducting boundary or an imperfectly conducting boundary where the surface temperature depends linearly on the surface heat flux. A companion paper (Hitchen & Wells, J. Fluid Mech., 2025, in press) showed how thermal and salinity conditions impact mush structure. We here quantify the impact on convective instability, described by a Rayleigh number characterising the ratio of buoyancy to dissipative mechanisms. Two limits emerge for a perfectly conducting boundary. When the salinity-dependent freezing-point depression is large versus the temperature difference across the mush, convection penetrates throughout the depth of a high-porosity mush. The other limit, which we will call the Stefan limit, has small freezing-point depression and inhibits convection, which localises at onset to a high-porosity boundary layer near the mush–liquid interface. Scaling arguments characterise variation of the critical Rayleigh number and wavenumber based on the potential energy contained in order-one aspect ratio convective cells over the high-porosity regions. The Stefan number characterises the ratio of latent and sensible heats, and has moderate impact on stability via modification of the background temperature and porosity. For imperfectly conducting boundaries, the changing surface temperature causes stability to decrease over time in the limit of large freezing-point depression, but in the Stefan limit combines with the decreasing porosity to yield non-monotonic variation of the critical Rayleigh number. We discuss the implications for convection in growing sea ice.

We model transient mushy-layer growth for a binary alloy solidifying from a cooled boundary, characterising the impact of liquid composition and thermal growth conditions on the mush porosity and growth rate. We consider cooling from a perfectly conducting isothermal boundary, and from an imperfectly conducting boundary governed by a linearised thermal boundary condition. For an isothermal boundary we characterise different growth regimes depending on a concentration ratio, which can also be viewed as characterising the ratio of composition-dependent freezing point depression versus the temperature difference across the mushy layer. Large concentration ratio leads to high porosity throughout the mushy layer and an asymptotically simplified model for growth with an effective thermal diffusivity accounting for latent heat release from internal solidification. Low concentration ratio leads to low porosity throughout most of the mushy layer, except for a high-porosity boundary layer localised near the mush–liquid interface. We identify scalings for the boundary-layer thickness and mush growth rate. An imperfectly conducting boundary leads to an initial lag in the onset of solidification, followed by an adjustment period, before asymptoting to the perfectly conducting state at large time. We develop asymptotic solutions for large concentration ratio and large effective heat capacity, and characterise the mush structure, growth rate and transition times between the regimes. For low concentration ratio the high porosity zone spans the full mush depth at early times, before localising near the mush–liquid interface at later times. Such variation of porosity has important implications for the properties and biological habitability of mushy sea ice.