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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). This study evaluated its antidepressant and cognitive effects as a safe, effective, home-based therapy for MDD.
Methods
This double-blind, sham-controlled, randomized trial divided participants into low-intensity (1 mA, n = 47), high-intensity (2 mA, n = 49), and sham (n = 45) groups, receiving 42 daily tDCS sessions, including weekends and holidays, targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for 30 minutes. Assessments were conducted at baseline and weeks 2, 4, and 6. The primary outcome was cognitive improvement assessed by changes in total accuracy on the 2-back test from baseline to week 6. Secondary outcomes included changes in depressive symptoms (HAM-D), anxiety (HAM-A), and quality of life (QLES). Adverse events were monitored. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04709952).
Results
In the tDCS study, of 141 participants (102 [72.3%] women; mean age 35.7 years, standard deviation 12.7), 95 completed the trial. Mean changes in the total accuracy scores from baseline to week 6 were compared across the three groups using an F-test. Linear mixed-effects models examined the interaction of group and time. Results showed no significant differences among groups in cognitive or depressive outcomes at week 6. Active groups experienced more mild adverse events compared to sham but had similar rates of severe adverse events and dropout.
Conclusions
Home-based tDCS for MDD demonstrated no evidence of effectiveness but was safe and well-tolerated. Further research is needed to address the technical limitations, evaluate broader cognitive functions, and extend durations to evaluate its therapeutic potential.
While early intervention in psychosis (EIP) programs have been increasingly implemented across the globe, many initiatives from Africa, Asia and Latin America are not widely known. The aims of the current review are (a) to describe population-based and small-scale, single-site EIP programs in Africa, Asia and Latin America, (b) to examine the variability between programs located in low-and-middle income (LMIC) and high-income countries in similar regions and (c) to outline some of the challenges and provide recommendations to overcome existing obstacles.
Methods
EIP programs in Africa, Asia and Latin America were identified through experts from the different target regions. We performed a systematic search in Medline, Embase, APA PsycInfo, Web of Science and Scopus up to February 6, 2024.
Results
Most EIP programs in these continents are small-scale, single-site programs that serve a limited section of the population. Population-based programs with widespread coverage and programs integrated into primary health care are rare. In Africa, EIP programs are virtually absent. Mainland China is one of the only LMICs that has begun to take steps toward developing a population-based EIP program. High-income Asian countries (e.g. Hong Kong and Singapore) have well-developed, comprehensive programs for individuals with early psychosis, while others with similar economies (e.g. South Korea and Japan) do not. In Latin America, Chile is the only country in the process of providing population-based EIP care.
Conclusions
Financial resources and integration in mental health care, as well as the availability of epidemiological data on psychosis, impact the implementation of EIP programs. Given the major treatment gap of early psychosis in Africa, Latin America and large parts of Asia, publicly funded, locally-led and accessible community-based EIP care provision is urgently needed.
From early on, infants show a preference for infant-directed speech (IDS) over adult-directed speech (ADS), and exposure to IDS has been correlated with language outcome measures such as vocabulary. The present multi-laboratory study explores this issue by investigating whether there is a link between early preference for IDS and later vocabulary size. Infants’ preference for IDS was tested as part of the ManyBabies 1 project, and follow-up CDI data were collected from a subsample of this dataset at 18 and 24 months. A total of 341 (18 months) and 327 (24 months) infants were tested across 21 laboratories. In neither preregistered analyses with North American and UK English, nor exploratory analyses with a larger sample did we find evidence for a relation between IDS preference and later vocabulary. We discuss implications of this finding in light of recent work suggesting that IDS preference measured in the laboratory has low test-retest reliability.
The United States Government (USG) public-private partnership “Accelerating COVID-19 Treatment Interventions and Vaccines” (ACTIV) was launched to identify safe, effective therapeutics to treat patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and prevent hospitalization, progression of disease, and death. Eleven original master protocols were developed by ACTIV, and thirty-seven therapeutic agents entered evaluation for treatment benefit. Challenges encountered during trial implementation led to innovations enabling initiation and enrollment of over 26,000 participants in the trials. While only two ACTIV trials continue to enroll, the recommendations here reflect information from all the trials as of May 2023. We review clinical trial implementation challenges and corresponding lessons learned to inform future therapeutic clinical trials implemented in response to a public health emergency and the conduct of complex clinical trials during “peacetime,” as well.
The Korean Basketball League(KBL) holds an annual draft to allow teams to select new players, mostly graduates from the elite college basketball teams even though some are from high school teams. In sports games, many factors might influence the success of an athlete. In addition to possessing excellent physical and technical factors, success in a sports game is also influenced by remarkable psychological factors. Several studies reported that elite sports players can control their anxiety during competition, which may lead to better performance. In particular, the temperament and characteristics of players have been regarded as crucial determinants of the player’s performance and goal. In this regard, numerous studies suggest that personality is considered to be an important predictor of long-term success in professional sports
Objectives
Based on previous reports and studies, we hypothesized that physical status, temperament and characteristics, and neurocognitive functions of basketball players could predict the result of KBL draft selection. Especially, temperament and characteristics were associated with the result of KBL selection. The basketball performances including average scores and average rebound were associated with emotional perception and mental rotation.
Methods
We recruited the number of 44 college elite basketball players(KBL selection, n=17; Non-KBL selection, n=27), and the number of 35 age-matched healthy comparison subjects who major in sports education in college. All participants were assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI), Sports Anxiety Scales(SAS), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Trail Making Test(TMT), and Computerized Neuro-cognitive Test(CNT) for Emotional Perception and Mental Rotation.
Results
Current results showed that physical status, temperament and characteristics, and Neurocognitive functions of college basketball players could predict the KBL draft selection. Among temperament and characteristics, novelty seeking and reward dependence were associated with KBL draft selection. The basketball performances including average scores and average rebound were associated with emotional perception and mental rotation.
Conclusions
In order to be a good basketball player for a long time, it was confirmed that temperamental factors and Neurocognitive factors were very closely related. Furthermore, it is also judged that these results can be used as basic data to predict potential professional basketball players.
The bidirectional relationship between the effects of sleep and exercise is often underappreciated. We aim to explore the bidirectional relationship of sleep and exercise. We further discuss the prominence of poor sleep in both the athletic and general population and understand the underlying mechanisms of interdependencies between the two. The goal is to illuminate practical implications to improve both areas and optimize physical and mental health.
Objectives
- To explore the bidirectional relationship between sleep and exercise
- To understand how exercise can counterbalance the adverse metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation.
Methods
We conducted a systemic literature review from Pubmed, Scopus, and PsychINFO using the search terms: “(exercise) and (sleep),” “(exercise performance) and (sleep),” “(sleep quality) and (exercise).” We included original studies in English conducted on age groups 18 years and older.
Results
Data from 31 studies shows that a significant number of athletes experience poor sleep quality and daytime sleepiness. 68.5% of Qatar Stars League soccer players and 61% of collegiate athletes in NCAA institutions report daytime fatigue several times a week. Most common causes include overtraining, hectic travel schedules, and sleeping in unfamiliar settings. Studies confirm athletes often sleep less before intense training or competitions. Sleep deficiency may lead to reduced muscular strength and endurance, mood changes, increased perceived effort, impaired cognitive processing, and diminished motor skills. Athletes averaging less than 8 hours of sleep nightly were 1.7 times more prone to injuries. Physiologically, sleep loss alters ventilation, plasma lactate concentration, hormone secretion, and inflammatory responses, hinders muscle glycogen restoration. Extended sleep restriction decreases testosterone levels, which influence muscle mass, energy, bone strength, and more. On the contrary, exercise may counter adverse metabolic impacts of sleep deprivation. High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has shown to nullify negative metabolic effects of sleep deprivation, suggesting exercise’s protective potential.
Conclusions
Sleep and exercise are fundamental to maintaining physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health. The bidirectional, interdependent relationship can be best utilized by the providers to optimize overall well being. The critical impact of adequate sleep, particularly among athletes, is frequently underestimated. Poor sleep can detrimentally affect performance, amplify injury risks, and disrupt physiological functions, yet contemporary lifestyles often downplay its significance. It is important for healthcare professionals to emphasize a balanced approach to optimize these vital aspects. Continued research can offer strategies that benefit athletes and the broader populace, aiming to uplift daily life functionality.
Despite the unclear nature of catatonia, the treatment response of catatonia to benzodiazepines is widely known for its typical, dramatic recovery. The neurobiological correlates of this phenomenon regarding specific receptors and neurotransmitters are unclear, as are the potential treatment options. This is important to consider when the most commonly recommended treatments of catatonia with Lorazepam or Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) are unavailable or unsuccessful. In this report, we describe a case of severe, malignant catatonia and psychosis mostly unresponsive to Lorazepam during two different hospitalizations, but with eventual return to baseline after successful treatment with Valproate.
Objectives
- To describe a unique case of malignant catatonia that was unresponsive to Lorazepam
- To illustrate the potential utility of Valproate as an alternative treatment strategy for catatonia
Methods
This is a case report.
Results
A 19-year-old Hispanic male presented to our hospital initially with family reports of severe and sudden depression with bizarre behavior. Prior to this admission, the patient had been discharged recently from another tertiary hospital following a 2-week admission for severe catatonia. Chart review from that admission scored the patient’s Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS) at 16, which remained mostly unchanged after numerous additional intramuscular doses and standing oral doses of Lorazepam, with a reduction of BFCRS the next day of only 2. During the patient’s admission at our hospital, the patient endorsed bizarre, guilt-related delusions, and his catatonia was more severe and malignant with a BFCRS of 19, with tachycardia and diaphoresis. The patient was initially given a total of seven doses of a mix of intramuscular and oral Lorazepam (total 18mg), with a minimal 2-point reduction in BFCRS. As ECT was unavailable, Lorazepam was discontinued in favor of a trial of oral Valproate 500mg twice daily, and after his catatonia subsided (with a serum level of 60.8), he was started on oral Risperidone 0.5mg once at night, titrated up to 3mg twice daily, and eventually returned to baseline as confirmed by his family members.
Conclusions
The treatment of catatonia with Lorazepam is usually reliable and has been found to be up to 80% effective, but when the recommended use of benzodiazepines and ECT fail or are unavailable, there are few studies exploring the viability of alternative treatment options. With the use of Valproate, previous studies have shown it can treat even severe catatonia (KrÜger, J Neuropsychiatry 2001; 13:303-304), or can actually be its cause (Lauterbach, Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology. 1998 Jul;11(3):157-163). As such, this case report highlights the importance of exploring alternative treatments for catatonia, including Valproate, in order to better tailor the management of this unique syndrome.
Background: CHAMPION-NMOSD (NCT04201262) is an ongoing global, open-label, phase 3 study evaluating ravulizumab in AQP4+ NMOSD. Methods: Adult patients received an intravenous, weight-based loading dose of ravulizumab on day 1 and a maintenance dose on day 15 and every 8 weeks thereafter. Following a primary treatment period (PTP; up to 2.5 years), patients could enter a long-term extension (LTE). Results: 58 patients completed the PTP; 56/2 entered/completed the LTE. As of June 16, 2023, median (range) follow-up was 138.4 (11.0-183.1) weeks for ravulizumab (n=58), with 153.9 patient-years. Across the PTP and LTE, no patients had an adjudicated on-trial relapse during ravulizumab treatment. 91.4% (53/58 patients) had stable or improved Hauser Ambulation Index score. 91.4% (53/58 patients) had no clinically important worsening in Expanded Disability Status Scale score. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and serious adverse events was 94.8% and 25.9%, respectively. Most TEAEs were mild to moderate in severity and unrelated to ravulizumab. TEAEs leading to withdrawal from ravulizumab occurred in 1 patient. Conclusions: Ravulizumab demonstrated long-term clinical benefit in the prevention of relapses in AQP4+ NMOSD with a safety profile consistent with prior analyses.
Background: After a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke, the long-term risk of subsequent stroke is uncertain. Methods: Electronic databases were searched for observational studies reporting subsequent stroke during a minimum follow-up of 1 year in patients with TIA or minor stroke. Unpublished data on number of stroke events and exact person-time at risk contributed by all patients during discrete time intervals of follow-up were requested from the authors of included studies. This information was used to calculate the incidence of stroke in individual studies, and results across studies were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Results: Fifteen independent cohorts involving 129794 patients were included in the analysis. The pooled incidence rate of subsequent stroke per 100 person-years was 6.4 events in the first year and 2.0 events in the second through tenth years, with cumulative incidences of 14% at 5 years and 21% at 10 years. Based on 10 studies with information available on fatal stroke, the pooled case fatality rate of subsequent stroke was 9.5% (95% CI, 5.9 – 13.8). Conclusions: One in five patients is expected to experience a subsequent stroke within 10 years after a TIA or minor stroke, with every tenth patient expected to die from their subsequent stroke.
A new magnetic mirror machine named KAIMIR (KAIST mirror) has been designed and constructed at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) to study mirror plasma physics and simulate the boundary regions of magnetic fusion plasmas such as in a tokamak. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the characteristics and initial experimental results of KAIMIR. The cylindrical vacuum chamber has a length of 2.48 m and a diameter of 0.5 m and consists of three sub-chambers, namely the source, centre and expander chambers. A magnetic mirror configuration is achieved by electromagnetic coils with a maximum magnetic field strength of 0.4 T at the mirror nozzles and 0.1 T at the centre. The source plasma is generated by a plasma washer gun installed in the source chamber with a pulse forming network system. The typical discharge time is ~12 ms with a ~6 ms (1–7 ms) steady period. Initial results show that the on-axis electron density at the centre is 1019–20 m−3 and the electron temperature is 4–7 eV. Two parameters were varied in this initial phase, the source power and the mirror ratio, which is the ratio of highest to lowest magnetic field strength in the mirror-confined region. We observed that the increase of the electron density was mitigated for a source power above 0.2 MW. It was also found that the electron density increases almost linearly with the mirror ratio. Accordingly, the stored electron energy was also linearly proportional to the mirror ratio, similar to the scaling of the gas dynamic trap.
The locus coeruleus (LC) innervates the cerebrovasculature and plays a crucial role in optimal regulation of cerebral blood flow. However, no human studies to date have examined links between these systems with widely available neuroimaging methods. We quantified associations between LC structural integrity and regional cortical perfusion and probed whether varying levels of plasma Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers (Aß42/40 ratio and ptau181) moderated these relationships.
Participants and Methods:
64 dementia-free community-dwelling older adults (ages 55-87) recruited across two studies underwent structural and functional neuroimaging on the same MRI scanner. 3D-pCASL MRI measured regional cerebral blood flow in limbic and frontal cortical regions, while T1-FSE MRI quantified rostral LC-MRI contrast, a well-established proxy measure of LC structural integrity. A subset of participants underwent fasting blood draw to measure plasma AD biomarker concentrations (Aß42/40 ratio and ptau181). Multiple linear regression models examined associations between perfusion and LC integrity, with rostral LC-MRI contrast as predictor, regional CBF as outcome, and age and study as covariates. Moderation analyses included additional terms for plasma AD biomarker concentration and plasma x LC interaction.
Results:
Greater rostral LC-MRI contrast was linked to lower regional perfusion in limbic regions, such as the amygdala (ß = -0.25, p = 0.049) and entorhinal cortex (ß = -0.20, p = 0.042), but was linked to higher regional perfusion in frontal cortical regions, such as the lateral (ß = 0.28, p = 0.003) and medial (ß = 0.24, p = 0.05) orbitofrontal (OFC) cortices. Plasma amyloid levels moderated the relationship between rostral LC and amygdala CBF (Aß42/40 ratio x rostral LC interaction term ß = -0.31, p = 0.021), such that as plasma Aß42/40 ratio decreased (i.e., greater pathology), the strength of the negative relationship between rostral LC integrity and amygdala perfusion decreased. Plasma ptau181levels moderated the relationship between rostral LC and entorhinal CBF (ptau181 x rostral LC interaction term ß = 0.64, p = 0.001), such that as ptau181 increased (i.e., greater pathology), the strength of the negative relationship between rostral LC integrity and entorhinal perfusion decreased. For frontal cortical regions, ptau181 levels moderated the relationship between rostral LC and lateral OFC perfusion (ptau181 x rostral LC interaction term ß = -0.54, p = .004), as well as between rostral LC and medial OFC perfusion (ptau181 x rostral LC interaction term ß = -0.53, p = .005), such that as ptau181 increased (i.e., greater pathology), the strength of the positive relationship between rostral LC integrity and frontal perfusion decreased.
Conclusions:
LC integrity is linked to regional cortical perfusion in non-demented older adults, and these relationships are moderated by plasma AD biomarker concentrations. Variable directionality of the associations between the LC and frontal versus limbic perfusion, as well as the differential moderating effects of plasma AD biomarkers, may signify a compensatory mechanism and a shifting pattern of hyperemia in the presence of aggregating AD pathology. Linking LC integrity and cerebrovascular regulation may represent an important understudied pathway of dementia risk and may help to bridge competing theories of dementia progression in preclinical AD studies.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, care for the elderly in the community was greatly limited. Accordingly, the demand for alternative community care have increased to cope with changing situations.
Objectives
In this study, we tried to find out whether the companion robot improved mood state and related problem in depressive or isolated community dwelling elderly
Methods
For 186 community dwelling elderly who have received social welfare service due to depression or social isolation, we provided companion robot that could support their daily living. The robot was equipped with special program that could recognize and respond to the participant’s own emotion. It was part of behavioral activation techniques which is one of powerful treatment for depression. The self-report questionnaires were used to measure changes in cognitive function, depression, suicidality, loneliness, resilience and satisfaction of life. Outcomes were measured before using companion robot and after 3 months, and we compared them.
Results
The elderly using companion robot for 3 months showed improved cognitive function (45.7% to 30.1%), depression (p<0.001), suicidality(p<0.001), and loneliness (p=0.033) in the self-report questionnaire. Resilience(p=0.749) and satisfaction of life (p=0.246) were also improved but not reached significance.
Image:
Image 2:
Image 3:
Conclusions
These findings showed that the use of companion robot with emotional recognition coaching program could help improve depression, cognitive function, loneliness and suicidal ideation. In particular, this effect was also useful for those who were diagnosed with depression. Also if we can put more techniques of behavioral activation programs into robot, it could be useful in community care for depressive and isolated elderly.
Subclinical or subthreshold social anxiety (SSA) is associated with significant burden. Up to 20% of general population report subclinical social anxiety symptoms, which can change individual social, work functioning.
Objectives
However, neural mechanisms of SSA have not been fully investigated in healthy individual yet. This study aimed to examine the relationship between gray matter volumes (GMVs) and SSA.
Methods
We enrolled a total of 57 healthy individuals with SSA. The General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Albany Panic and Phobia Scale (APPQ) were evaluated. Freesurfer was applied to investigated the relationship between SSA and GMVs. Multiple regression models with age, sex, and total intracranial volume as covariates were performed. Pearson correlation analyses also investigated the exploratory correlations between the GMVs of the SSA-related regions and other psychological characteristics among healthy individuals.
Results
Freesurfer voxel-wise correlational analyses showed a significant negative correlation between the SA scores of APPQ and gray matter volumes (GMVs) in the fusiform gyrus (FG). In addition, the GMVs in the FG were significantly negatively associated with the total GAD-7, BDI-II, BAI, and APPQ scores. Performance anxiety was significantly correlated with posterior cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus and fusiform gyrus.
Image:
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that healthy individuals with SSA showed decreased GMVs in the FG and the GMVs of FG were associated with general anxiety and depression symptomatology.
One of the most significant changes to society came with the advent of social media, and with it a cultural shift in whom people consider their actual friends. The cultural influence of entertainment figures is not a new phenomenon; however, there has a revolution in the way celebrities interact with their fans, specifically in the Korean Pop (Kpop) industry. In contrast with musicians who release an album and then disappear into mysterious obscurity, Kpop stars constantly interact with fans through meet and greets, live streams, variety tv shows, and most importantly, through social media. With a concomitant rise in parasocial interactions and relationships, Kpop blurs the line between what constitutes pathological delusions and healthy fan activity.
Objectives
• To learn the assessment and management of patients with anorexia nervosa
• To understand changes in management to address suicidality in patients with anorexia nervosa
• To understand influences by media in perpetrating certain body types in impressionable adolescents
Methods
Patient is a 19 year-old Hispanic female with a Past Psychiatric History of Bipolar Disorder, who was brought in by EMS due for agitation and disorganized behavior. Patient presented manic, labile, and her delusions extended to beliefs that the Kpop group EXO has been communicating with her through morse code in their videos, and that certain members would wink at her through the computer screen in real time. The patient’s BMI at the time of admission was 15.4, and she continued to compare her own body to Kpop idols.
Results
Patient shared a lifetime mix of both shame and trauma concerning her eating habits, with multiple incidents that may have contributed to her fear of eating, and simultaneously into her becoming obsessed with the Kpop group (“2018 and COVID were a miracle for me. I got closer to EXO”). Patient denies looking ugly or fat and seems mostly satisfied with her current appearance.
Conclusions
With social isolation growing due to the pandemic, online parasocial relationships are becoming an increasingly normal part of people’s lives. We discuss a case where an unhealthy obsession with Kpop contributed to body dissatisfaction, and the precipitating factors that lead to these circumstances, as well as the challenges that are present in helping these adolescents and young adults in coping with social media use. As such, it is important to discuss the challenges faced by psychiatrists who must be sufficiently aware of the ever-changing face of contemporary cultural landscape when forming an accurate diagnosis.
We summarize what we assess as the past year's most important findings within climate change research: limits to adaptation, vulnerability hotspots, new threats coming from the climate–health nexus, climate (im)mobility and security, sustainable practices for land use and finance, losses and damages, inclusive societal climate decisions and ways to overcome structural barriers to accelerate mitigation and limit global warming to below 2°C.
Technical summary
We synthesize 10 topics within climate research where there have been significant advances or emerging scientific consensus since January 2021. The selection of these insights was based on input from an international open call with broad disciplinary scope. Findings concern: (1) new aspects of soft and hard limits to adaptation; (2) the emergence of regional vulnerability hotspots from climate impacts and human vulnerability; (3) new threats on the climate–health horizon – some involving plants and animals; (4) climate (im)mobility and the need for anticipatory action; (5) security and climate; (6) sustainable land management as a prerequisite to land-based solutions; (7) sustainable finance practices in the private sector and the need for political guidance; (8) the urgent planetary imperative for addressing losses and damages; (9) inclusive societal choices for climate-resilient development and (10) how to overcome barriers to accelerate mitigation and limit global warming to below 2°C.
Social media summary
Science has evidence on barriers to mitigation and how to overcome them to avoid limits to adaptation across multiple fields.
In March 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, California Department of Public Health, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health and Pennsylvania Department of Health initiated an investigation of an outbreak of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) infections. Sixty infections were identified in California, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maine, Nevada and Ohio. The infections were linked to a no-rinse cleansing foam product (NRCFP), produced by Manufacturer A, used for skin care of patients in healthcare settings. FDA inspected Manufacturer A's production facility (manufacturing site of over-the-counter drugs and cosmetics), reviewed production records and collected product and environmental samples for analysis. FDA's inspection found poor manufacturing practices. Analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis confirmed a match between NRCFP samples and clinical isolates. Manufacturer A conducted extensive recalls, FDA issued a warning letter citing the manufacturer's inadequate manufacturing practices, and federal, state and local partners issued public communications to advise patients, pharmacies, other healthcare providers and healthcare facilities to stop using the recalled NRCFP. This investigation highlighted the importance of following appropriate manufacturing practices to minimize microbial contamination of cosmetic products, especially if intended for use in healthcare settings.
The building of online atomic and molecular databases for astrophysics and for other research fields started with the beginning of the internet. These databases have encompassed different forms: databases of individual research groups exposing their own data, databases providing collected data from the refereed literature, databases providing evaluated compilations, databases providing repositories for individuals to deposit their data, and so on. They were, and are, the replacement for literature compilations with the goal of providing more complete and in particular easily accessible data services to the users communities. Such initiatives involve not only scientific work on the data, but also the characterization of data, which comes with the “standardization” of metadata and of the relations between metadata, as recently developed in different communities. This contribution aims at providing a representative overview of the atomic and molecular databases ecosystem, which is available to the astrophysical community and addresses different issues linked to the use and management of data and databases. The information provided in this paper is related to the keynote lecture “Atomic and Molecular Databases: Open Science for better science and a sustainable world” whose slides can be found at DOI : doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6979352 on the Zenodo repository connected to the “cb5-labastro” Zenodo Community (https://zenodo.org/communities/cb5-labastro).
We present the most sensitive and detailed view of the neutral hydrogen (
${\rm H\small I}$
) emission associated with the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), through the combination of data from the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) and Parkes (Murriyang), as part of the Galactic Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (GASKAP) pilot survey. These GASKAP-HI pilot observations, for the first time, reveal
${\rm H\small I}$
in the SMC on similar physical scales as other important tracers of the interstellar medium, such as molecular gas and dust. The resultant image cube possesses an rms noise level of 1.1 K (
$1.6\,\mathrm{mJy\ beam}^{-1}$
)
$\mathrm{per}\ 0.98\,\mathrm{km\ s}^{-1}$
spectral channel with an angular resolution of
$30^{\prime\prime}$
(
${\sim}10\,\mathrm{pc}$
). We discuss the calibration scheme and the custom imaging pipeline that utilises a joint deconvolution approach, efficiently distributed across a computing cluster, to accurately recover the emission extending across the entire
${\sim}25\,\mathrm{deg}^2$
field-of-view. We provide an overview of the data products and characterise several aspects including the noise properties as a function of angular resolution and the represented spatial scales by deriving the global transfer function over the full spectral range. A preliminary spatial power spectrum analysis on individual spectral channels reveals that the power law nature of the density distribution extends down to scales of 10 pc. We highlight the scientific potential of these data by comparing the properties of an outflowing high-velocity cloud with previous ASKAP+Parkes
${\rm H\small I}$
test observations.