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Sets on the boundary of a complementary component of a continuum in the plane have been of interest since the early 1920s. Curry and Mayer defined the buried points of a plane continuum to be the points in the continuum which were not on the boundary of any complementary component. Motivated by their investigations of Julia sets, they asked what happens if the set of buried points of a plane continuum is totally disconnected and nonempty. Curry, Mayer, and Tymchatyn showed that in that case the continuum is Suslinian, i.e., it does not contain an uncountable collection of nondegenerate pairwise disjoint subcontinua. In an answer to a question of Curry et al., van Mill and Tuncali constructed a plane continuum whose buried point set was totally disconnected, nonempty, and one-dimensional at each point of a countably infinite set. In this paper, we show that the van Mill–Tuncali example was the best possible in the sense that whenever the buried set is totally disconnected, it is one-dimensional at each of at most countably many points. As a corollary, we find that the buried set cannot be almost zero-dimensional unless it is zero-dimensional. We also construct locally connected van Mill–Tuncali type examples.
If X is a topological space and Y is any set, then we call a family $\mathcal {F}$ of maps from X to Y nowhere constant if for every non-empty open set U in X there is $f \in \mathcal {F}$ with $|f[U]|> 1$, i.e., f is not constant on U. We prove the following result that improves several earlier results in the literature.
If X is a topological space for which $C(X)$, the family of all continuous maps of X to $\mathbb {R}$, is nowhere constant and X has a $\pi $-base consisting of connected sets then X is $\mathfrak {c}$-resolvable.
We prove that the modal logic of a crowded locally compact generalized ordered space is
$\textsf {S4}$
. This provides a version of the McKinsey–Tarski theorem for generalized ordered spaces. We then utilize this theorem to axiomatize the modal logic of an arbitrary locally compact generalized ordered space.
We prove that the existence of a measurable cardinal is equivalent to the existence of a normal space whose modal logic coincides with the modal logic of the Kripke frame isomorphic to the powerset of a two element set.
We investigate continuous transitive actions of semitopological groups on spaces, as well as separately continuous transitive actions of topological groups.
We give a consistent example of a zero-dimensional separable metrizable space $Z$ such that every homeomorphism of ${{Z}^{\omega }}$ acts like a permutation of the coordinates almost everywhere. Furthermore, this permutation varies continuously. This shows that a result of Dow and Pearl is sharp, and gives some insight into an open problem of Terada. Our example $Z$ is simply the set of ${{\omega }_{1}}$ Cohen reals, viewed as a subspace of ${{2}^{\omega }}$.
We develop the theory of Krull dimension for S4-algebras and Heyting algebras. This leads to the concept of modal Krull dimension for topological spaces. We compare modal Krull dimension to other well-known dimension functions, and show that it can detect differences between topological spaces that Krull dimension is unable to detect. We prove that for a T1-space to have a finite modal Krull dimension can be described by an appropriate generalization of the well-known concept of a nodec space. This, in turn, can be described by modal formulas zemn which generalize the well-known Zeman formula zem. We show that the modal logic S4.Zn := S4 + zemn is the basic modal logic of T1-spaces of modal Krull dimension ≤ n, and we construct a countable dense-in-itself ω-resolvable Tychonoff space Zn of modal Krull dimension n such that S4.Zn is complete with respect to Zn. This yields a version of the McKinsey-Tarski theorem for S4.Zn. We also show that no logic in the interval [S4n+1S4.Zn) is complete with respect to any class of T1-spaces.
We study separable metric spaces with few types of countable dense sets. We present a structure theorem for locally compact spaces having precisely $n$ types of countable dense sets: such a space contains a subset $S$ of size at most $n-1$ such that $S$ is invariant under all homeomorphisms of $X$ and $X\,\backslash \,S$ is countable dense homogeneous. We prove that every Borel space having fewer than $\mathfrak{c}$ types of countable dense sets is Polish. The natural question of whether every Polish space has either countably many or $\mathfrak{c}$ many types of countable dense sets is shown to be closely related to Topological Vaught's Conjecture.
We prove that a connected, countable dense homogeneous space is $n$-homogeneous for every n, and strongly 2-homogeneous provided it is locally connected. We also present an example of a connected and countable dense homogeneous space which is not strongly 2-homogeneous. This answers in the negative Problem 136 ofWatson in the Open Problems in Topology Book.
The space now known as complete Erdős space${{\mathfrak{E}}_{\text{c}}}$ was introduced by Paul Erdős in 1940 as the closed subspace of the Hilbert space ${{\ell }^{2}}$ consisting of all vectors such that every coordinate is in the convergent sequence $\left\{ 0 \right\}\cup \left\{ 1/n:n\in \mathbb{N}\ \right\}$. In a solution to a problem posed by Lex $G$. Oversteegen we present simple and useful topological characterizations of ${{\mathfrak{E}}_{\text{c}}}$. As an application we determine the class of factors of ${{\mathfrak{E}}_{\text{c}}}$. In another application we determine precisely which of the spaces that can be constructed in the Banach spaces ${{\ell }^{p}}$ according to the ‘Erdős method’ are homeomorphic to ${{\mathfrak{E}}_{\text{c}}}$. A novel application states that if $I$ is a Polishable ${{F}_{\sigma }}$-ideal on $\omega $, then $I$ with the Polish topology is homeomorphic to either $\mathbb{Z}$, the Cantor set ${{2}^{\omega }},\,\mathbb{Z}\,\times \,{{2}^{\omega }}$, or ${{\mathfrak{E}}_{\text{c}}}$. This last result answers a question that was asked by Stevo Todorčević.
In this paper we primarily consider two natural subgroups of the autohomeomorphism group of the real line $\mathbb{R}$, endowed with the compact-open topology. First, we prove that the subgroup of homeomorphisms that map the set of rational numbers $\mathbb{Q}$ onto itself is homeomorphic to the infinite power of $\mathbb{Q}$ with the product topology. Secondly, the group consisting of homeomorphisms that map the pseudoboundary onto itself is shown to be homeomorphic to the hyperspace of nonempty compact subsets of $\mathbb{Q}$ with the Vietoris topology. We obtain similar results for the Cantor set but we also prove that these results do not extend to ${{\mathbb{R}}^{n}}$ for $n\ge 2$, by linking the groups in question with Erdős space.
It is proved that the countably infinite power of complete Erdős space $\Ec$ is not homeomorphic to $\Ec$. The method by which this result is obtained consists of showing that $\Ec$ does not contain arbitrarily small closed subsets that are one-dimensional at every point. This observation also produces solutions to several problems that were posed by Aarts, Kawamura, Oversteegen and Tymchatyn. In addition, we show that the original (rational) Erdős space does contain arbitrarily small closed sets that are one-dimensional at every point.
A simple proof that no subset of the plane that meets every line in precisely two points is an Fσ-set in
the plane is presented. It was claimed that this result can be generalized for sets that meet every line in
either one point or two points. No proof of this assertion is known, however. The main results in this
paper form a partial answer to the question of whether the claim is valid. In fact, it is shown that a set
that meets every line in the plane in at least one but at most two points must be zero-dimensional, and
that if it is σ-compact then it must be a nowhere dense Gδ-set in the plane. Generalizations for similar
sets in higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces are also presented.
Let X be a separable and metrizable space containing uncountably many pairwise disjoint copies of the compactum K. We discuss the question whether X must contain K × 2ω.
Let X be a separable metric space and let be a family of countably many self-maps of X. Then there is a countable subalgebra of the Boolean algebra of regular open subsets of X which is a base for X such that for each the function defined by Φf(B) = (f-1(B))-0 is a homomorphism.
Let Q denote the rationals, P the irrationals, C the Cantor set and L the space C − {p} (where p ∈ C). Let f : X → Y be a perfect continuous surjection. We show: (1) If X ∈ {Q, P, Q × P}, or if f is irreducible and X ∈ {C, L}, then Y is homeomorphic to X if Y is zero-dimensional. (2) If X ∈ {P, C, L} and f is irreducible, then there is a dense subset S of Y such that f|f ← [S] is a homeomorphism onto S. However, if Z is any σ-compact nowhere locally compact metric space then there is a perfect irreducible continuous surjection from Q × C onto Z such that each fibre of the map is homeomorphic to C.
All topological spaces under discussion are assumed to be Tychonoff.
For any topological space X let τ(X) denote the topology of X. If X ᑕ Y then a function κ : τ(X) ⟶ τ(Y) is called an extender provided that κ(U) ∩ X = U for all U ∊ τ(X). In addition, X is said to be Kn-embedded in Y (cf. [3]) provided there is an extender κ : τ(X) ⟶ τ(Y) such that
The extender κ is called a Kn-function (cf. [3]).
Eric van Douwen has asked whether there is a space X with a subspace Z which is Ki-embedded but not K0-embedded. The aim of this note is to answer this question.
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