Objectives/Goals: Developing an online platform for the clinical research coordinator (CRC) mentoring program aimed to create an accessible space for professional development and peer support using Microsoft Teams. The platform fosters communication, community, and connection to share best practices and resources, enhancing competencies and growth within the CRC research learning community. Methods/Study Population: The CRC group mentoring program was developed using the ADDIE model. In the analysis phase, CRC needs were assessed to identify gaps in professional development, leading to the choice of Microsoft Teams for its effective communication and resource-sharing capabilities. The Design phase established objectives and content outlines for mentors and mentees. During development, training materials and interactive activities were created. Implementation involved onboarding participants and facilitating scheduled sessions. Finally, the Evaluation phase employed the Kirkpatrick model to assess program effectiveness: Level 1 gathered participant feedback, Level 2 measured knowledge gains, Level 3 tracked skill application, and Level 4 evaluated overall CRC performance and professional development impact. Results/Anticipated Results: Building and maintaining a learning community in Microsoft Teams with 16 mentors and 34 mentees across two health locations offers benefits and challenges. Benefits include the structured organization that facilitates collaboration, resource sharing, and real-time communication, regardless of location. Specific channels can focus discussions and virtual meeting scheduling streamlines coordination. Teams allow easy access to training materials and assessments. Challenges include maintaining engagement and fostering community. Asynchronous communication may lead to uneven participation, while digital literacy levels can hinder involvement. Sustaining meaningful interactions requires intentional facilitation and consistent encouragement to keep discussions dynamic and supportive. Discussion/Significance of Impact: The online Microsoft Teams mentoring platform boosts professional development, enhances community, and provides a vital space for resource sharing and discussion, thereby improving CRC competencies. Despite challenges like digital literacy and asynchronous communication, effective facilitation is crucial for empowering future leaders.

Objectives/Goals: Create a supportive Clinical Research Coordinator (CRC) and Clinical Research Nurse consortium at UF. Facilitate mentorship groups to enhance knowledge on key topics. Build strong professional relationships among members. Empower members through collaboration. Develop future leaders and mentor in clinical research. Methods/Study Population: The CRC Group Mentorship Program at UF’s Gainesville and Jacksonville campuses addresses mentorship needs identified in a recent needs assessment, reflecting strong interest among CRC/CRNs. Small groups are formed using the Group Mentorship and Co-Mentoring Circles models, meeting bimonthly for six months on shared research interests. Co-lead mentors guide learning, peer support, communication skills, and goal setting while tracking progress. Mentees engage in peer learning, skill development, and networking. A dedicated Microsoft Teams platform provides resources to enhance confidence in Joint Task Force Clinical Trial Competencies and fosters collaboration through Q&A sessions, activities, assessments, and meetings, improving real-time and asynchronous interactions. Results/Anticipated Results: To measure mentor program impact, pre- and post-program surveys assess changes in knowledge, skills, and confidence among mentors and mentees, providing insights into effectiveness and areas for improvement. Monthly, the program features two meetings focusing on Joint Task Force competencies: a workshop for all groups on essential mentorship and CRC/CRN competencies, followed by evaluations, quizzes, and continuing education credits. The second meeting is group-specific, led by co-lead mentors, requiring submissions that demonstrate the application of learned knowledge and skills. This structure ensures continuous relevance and quality enhancement in future programs. Discussion/Significance of Impact: The program meets CRCs and CRNs’ critical needs through structured mentorship, fostering a supportive environment. It promotes continuous learning and professional development, enhancing job satisfaction and ensuring the sustainability of valuable research professionals.

Background: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen found in healthcare settings. During April–September 2022, nine S. maltophilia bloodstream infections (BSIs) were identified among intensive care unit (ICU) patients at a hospital in Alameda County, California. Whole genome sequencing found isolates to be highly related. Despite implementation of infection prevention and control (IPC) interventions, four additional S. maltophilia BSIs were identified during June–September 2023. We investigated to identify risk factors for infection and stop transmission. Methods: We conducted a matched case-control study. A case was defined as S. maltophilia isolated from a blood culture from an ICU patient with a fever during April 2022–September 2023; control-patient subjects were patients admitted to the ICU during the same period with hospital stay greater than or equal to their matched case. Three control subjects were matched to each case. We extracted information on risk factors for infection from medical charts and observed IPC practices in hospital locations of interest. We collected environmental samples from the ICU, radiology unit, and emergency department. Results: Among 13 cases and 39 control subjects, patients exposed to iodinated contrast Omnipaque-300 (odds ratio [OR]: 5.7; 95% CI: 1.2–28.0), injectable propofol (OR: 12.2; 95% CI: 1.5–101.4), or fentanyl (OR: 9.2; 95% CI: 1.8–Inf.) were more likely to have a S. maltophilia BSI, compared with control-subjects. IPC deficiencies included improper cleaning and storage of medical equipment, including the contrast injection system, and patient care supplies. The outbreak strain of S. maltophilia was not isolated from environmental samples. Conclusions: Although a point-source was not identified, S. maltophilia was likely transmitted through improper IPC practices involving injectable contrast or anesthesia. Recommendations on proper cleaning and disinfection of the contrast injection system and proper storage, preparation, and administration of medications were made to reduce risk for contamination.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Health care accounts for an estimated 10% of U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Concerted efforts to decrease waste are needed including critical appraisal of single use items. The purpose of this study was to conduct life cycle analyses (LCA) of a pediatric single use laryngoscope to inform environmental impact and identify targets to reduce waste. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: LCA was used to quantify the environmental impact of a single use pediatric laryngoscope. LCA is an industry standard measure of energy consumption, water consumption, and GHG emissions encompassing a “cradle-to-grave” assessment. The GREET model (Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions and Energy use in Technologies) and Open LCA model were used as sources for product/raw material data. Separate analysis was completed for the battery powering the light emitting diode (LED) lights. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The LCA revealed 598.2 g of CO2 equivalents for the 121g single use pediatric laryngoscope. There were an estimated 26,849 cases that used single use laryngoscope last year at our free-standing children’s hospital resulting in 16.1 metric tons of CO2 equivalents. This is equivalent to 41,273 miles driven by an average gasoline powered vehicle. The 1.5 V battery was the highest contributor to the laryngoscope’s GHG emissions. While the battery has an estimated 2,800 hours of life, single use laryngoscopes are reported in the literature as being used for only an average of 30 seconds to 2 minutes. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Single use laryngoscopes are high contributors to GHGs. Specifically, the batteries contained in the laryngoscopes are wasteful and challenging to remove and recycle. Future efforts to decrease waste in the OR should target use of similar items that have reusable battery components to improve environmental sustainability.

While environmental reconstruction has been a staple in the study of past societies, underused tools from ecology, such as food webs, can enable a more thorough understanding of the human place within ecosystems. Drawing on two recent studies, this article describes the types of questions that can be addressed using this approach. The authors demonstrate how food webs that include archaeological data can provide insights into the effects of extinctions, invasion and ecosystem change on communities, and can address key questions of the structure and dynamics of past societies. This article highlights examples of best practice for the compilation of archaeo-ecological networks, and suggest ways of developing a synthetic understanding of past environments.

Analyses of ancient food webs reveal important paleoecological processes and responses to a range of perturbations throughout Earth's history, such as climate change. These responses can inform our forecasts of future biotic responses to similar perturbations. However, previous analyses of ancient food webs rarely accounted for key differences between modern and ancient community data, particularly selective loss of soft-bodied taxa during fossilization. To consider how fossilization impacts inferences of ancient community structure, we (1) analyzed node-level attributes to identify correlations between ecological roles and fossilization potential and (2) applied selective information loss procedures to food web data for extant systems. We found that selective loss of soft-bodied organisms has predictable effects on the trophic structure of “artificially fossilized” food webs because these organisms occupy unique, consistent food web positions. Fossilized food webs misleadingly appear less stable (i.e., more prone to trophic cascades), with less predation and an overrepresentation of generalist consumers. We also found that ecological differences between soft- and hard-bodied taxa—indicated by distinct positions in modern food webs—are recorded in an early Eocene web, but not in Cambrian webs. This suggests that ecological differences between the groups have existed for ≥48 Myr. Our results indicate that accounting for soft-bodied taxa is vital for accurate depictions of ancient food webs. However, the consistency of information loss trends across the analyzed food webs means it is possible to predict how the selective loss of soft-bodied taxa affects food web metrics, which can permit better modeling of ancient communities.

The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotics to prevent or control colibacillosis in broilers. Studies found eligible were conducted controlled trials in broilers that evaluated an antibiotic intervention, with at least one of the following outcomes: mortality, feed conversion ratio (FCR), condemnations at slaughter, or total antibiotic use. Four electronic databases plus the gray literature were searched. Abstracts were screened for eligibility and data were extracted from eligible trials. Risk of bias was evaluated.

Seven trials reported eligible outcomes in a format that allowed data extraction; all reported results for FCR and one also reported mortality. Due to the heterogeneity in the interventions and outcomes evaluated, it was not feasible to conduct meta-analysis.

Qualitatively, for FCR, comparisons between an antibiotic and an alternative product did not show a significant benefit for either. Some of the comparisons between an antibiotic and a no-treatment placebo showed a numerical benefit to antibiotics, but with wide confidence intervals. The risk-of-bias assessment revealed concerns with reporting of key trial features.

The results of this review do not provide compelling evidence for or against the efficacy of antibiotics for the control of colibacillosis.

A systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) were conducted to address the question, ‘What is the efficacy of litter management strategies to reduce morbidity, mortality, condemnation at slaughter, or total antibiotic use in broilers?’ Eligible studies were clinical trials published in English evaluating the efficacy of litter management in broilers on morbidity, condemnations at slaughter, mortality, or total antibiotic use. Multiple databases and two conference proceedings were searched for relevant literature. After relevance screening and data extraction, there were 50 trials evaluating litter type, 22 trials evaluating litter additives, 10 trials comparing fresh to re-used litter, and six trials evaluating floor type. NMAs were conducted for mortality (61 trials) and for the presence or absence of footpad lesions (15 trials). There were no differences in mortality among the litter types, floor types, or additives. For footpad lesions, peat moss appeared beneficial compared to straw, based on a small number of comparisons. In a pairwise meta-analysis, there was no association between fresh versus used litter on the risk of mortality, although there was considerable heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 66%). There was poor reporting of key design features in many studies, and analyses rarely accounted for non-independence of observations within flocks.

Prevention and control of respiratory disease is a major contributor to antibiotic use in swine. A systematic review was conducted to address the question, ‘What is the comparative efficacy of antimicrobials for the prevention of swine respiratory disease?’ Eligible studies were controlled trials published in English evaluating prophylactic antibiotics in swine, where clinical morbidity, mortality, or total antibiotic use was assessed. Four databases and the gray literature were searched for relevant articles. Two reviewers working independently screened titles and abstracts for eligibility followed by full-text articles, and then extracted data and evaluated risk of bias for eligible trials. There were 44 eligible trials from 36 publications. Clinical morbidity was evaluated in eight trials where antibiotics were used in nursery pigs and 10 trials where antibiotics were used in grower pigs. Mortality was measured in 22 trials in nursery pigs and 12 trials in grower pigs. There was heterogeneity in the antibiotic interventions and comparisons published in the literature; thus, there was insufficient evidence to allow quantification of the efficacy, or relative efficacy, of antibiotic interventions. Concerns related to statistical non-independence and quality of reporting were noted in the included trials.

A systematic review and network meta-analysis (MA) was conducted to address the question, ‘What is the efficacy of bacterial vaccines to prevent respiratory disease in swine?’ Four electronic databases and the grey literature were searched to identify clinical trials in healthy swine where at least one intervention arm was a commercially available vaccine for one or more bacterial pathogens associated with respiratory disease in swine, including Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia, Actinobacillus suis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida, Stretococcus suis, Haemophils parasuis, and Mycoplasma hyorhinis. To be eligible, trials had to measure at least one of the following outcomes: incidence of clinical morbidity, mortality, lung lesions, or total antibiotic use. There were 179 eligible trials identified in 146 publications. Network MA was undertaken for morbidity, mortality, and the presence or absence of non-specific lung lesions. However, there was not a sufficient body of research evaluating the same interventions and outcomes to allow a meaningful synthesis of the comparative efficacy of the vaccines. To build this body of research, additional rigor in trial design and analysis, and detailed reporting of trial methods and results are warranted.

Studies of blood parasite infection in nestling birds rarely find a high prevalence of infection. This is likely due to a combination of short nestling periods (limiting the age at which nestlings can be sampled) and long parasite prepatent periods before gametocytes can be detected in peripheral blood. Here we examine rates of blood parasite infection in nestlings from three Columbid species in the UK. We use this system to address two key hypotheses in the epidemiology of avian haemoparasites: first, that nestlings in open nests have a higher prevalence of infection; and second, that nestlings sampled at 14 days old have a higher apparent infection rate than those sampled at 7 days old. Open-nesting individuals had a 54% infection rate compared with 25% for box-nesters, probably due to an increased exposure of open-nesting species to dipteran vectors. Nestlings sampled at 14 days had a 68% infection rate compared with 32% in nestlings sampled at 7 days, suggesting that rates of infection in the nest are high. Further work should examine nestlings post-fledging to identify rates of successful parasite infection (as opposed to abortive development within a dead-end host) as well as impacts on host post-fledging survival and behaviour.

Studies incorporating the ecology of clinical and sub-clinical disease in wild populations of conservation concern are rare. Here we examine sub-clinical infection by Trichomonas gallinae in a declining population of free-living European Turtle Doves and suggest caseous lesions cause mortality in adults and nestlings through subsequent starvation and/or suffocation. We found a 100% infection rate by T. gallinae in adult and nestling Turtle Doves (n = 25) and observed clinical signs in three adults and four nestlings (28%). Adults with clinical signs displayed no differences in any skeletal measures of size but had a mean 3·7% reduction in wing length, with no overlap compared to those without clinical signs. We also identified T. gallinae as the suggested cause of mortality in one Red-legged Partridge although disease presentation was different. A minimum of four strains of T. gallinae, characterized at the ITS/5·8S/ITS2 ribosomal region, were isolated from Turtle Doves. However, all birds with clinical signs (Turtle Doves and the Red-legged Partridge) carried a single strain of T. gallinae, suggesting that parasite spill over between Columbidae and Galliformes is a possibility that should be further investigated. Overall, we highlight the importance of monitoring populations for sub-clinical infection rather than just clinical disease.