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38 results

Page 1 of 2

  • Factors Associated with Behavioral Health Outcomes in Veterinarians Involved in Disaster Responses

  • Lauren Wisnieski, Gary Vroegindewey, Jennifer L Jenkins
  • Journal:
    Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 18 / 2024
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    31 October 2024, e240
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  • Objective

    The objective of this study was to determine what factors are associated with behavioral health in veterinary disaster responders.

    Methods

    An online cross-sectional survey was distributed via snowball sampling. Results were analyzed using chi-square analyses.

    Results

    Responses from 237 veterinarians were analyzed. Being involved in more than 1 disaster event was associated with higher anxiety and/or depression (43.4% vs 28.6%, respectively), difficulty with relationships (28.1% vs 14.3%, respectively), and a greater prevalence of sleep problems (44.6% vs 28.0%, respectively) compared to only being involved in 1 event. Veterinarians that were deployed longer than 2 months had the highest prevalence of anxiety and/or depression (43.9%) and sleep problems (50.0%). Veterinarians that received behavioral health training before deployment had lower rates of anxiety and/or depression (27.8% vs 42.9%, respectively) compared to those who did not receive training. Respondents involved with depopulation had the highest rates of anxiety and/or depression (66.7%) and sleep problems (58.1%).

    Conclusions

    Factors associated with behavioral health outcomes included the number and length of deployments, receiving behavioral health training, and being involved in depopulation. To reduce the risk of behavioral health outcomes, interventions such as time-off and behavioral health support are needed.

  • Bleeding Control Protections Within US Good Samaritan Laws

  • Matthew J. Levy, Christopher M. Wend, William P. Flemming, Antoin Lazieh, Andrew J. Rosenblum, Candace M. Pineda, Douglas M. Wolfberg, Jennifer Lee Jenkins, Craig A. Goolsby, Asa M. Margolis
  • Journal:
    Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 39 / Issue 2 / April 2024
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    04 April 2024, pp. 156-162
    Print publication:
    April 2024
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  • Introduction:

    In the United States, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have Good Samaritan Laws (GSLs). Designed to encourage bystanders to aid at the scene of an emergency, GSLs generally limit the risk of civil tort liability if the care is rendered in good faith. Nation-wide, a leading cause of preventable death is uncontrolled external hemorrhage. Public bleeding control initiatives aim to train the public to recognize life-threatening external bleeding, perform life-sustaining interventions (including direct pressure, tourniquet application, and wound packing), and to promote access to bleeding control equipment to ensure a rapid response from bystanders.

    Methods:

    This study sought to identify the GSLs in each state and the District of Columbia to identify what type of responder is covered by the law (eg, all laypersons, only trained individuals, or only licensed health care providers) and if bleeding control is explicitly included or excluded in their Good Samaritan coverage.

    Results:

    Good Samaritan Laws providing civil liability qualified immunity were identified in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. One state, Oklahoma, specifically includes bleeding control in its GSLs. Six states – Connecticut, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, and Missouri – have laws that define those covered under Good Samaritan immunity, generally limiting protection to individuals trained in a standard first aid or resuscitation course or health care clinicians. No state explicitly excludes bleeding control from their GSLs, and one state expressly includes it.

    Conclusion:

    Nation-wide across the United States, most states have broad bystander coverage within GSLs for emergency medical conditions of all types, including bleeding emergencies, and no state explicitly excludes bleeding control interventions. Some states restrict coverage to those health care personnel or bystanders who have completed a specific training program. Opportunity exists for additional research into those states whose GSLs may not be inclusive of bleeding control interventions.

  • 15 - Adaptation as Mutation: In Cold Blood (1967)

  • Edited by R. Barton Palmer, Clemson University, South Carolina, Homer B. Pettey, University of Arizona
  • Book:
    ReFocus: The Literary Films of Richard Brooks
    Published by:
    Edinburgh University Press
    Published online:
    14 March 2025
    Print publication:
    01 February 2023, pp 215-230

  • Summary

    When In Cold Blood appeared in four successive issues of The New Yorker magazine in September and October 1965, Truman Capote proposed a new literary form: the “nonfiction novel.” Both its provenance and status as form or genre are contested: Norman Mailer claimed invention of the form, and naturalist genre fiction had probed the lethal aspects of American consciousness since at least the turn of the century. Echoing in tone the stark realism of Steinbeck's fictionalized depiction of Oklahoma in Grapes of Wrath (1939), Capote proffered an equally raw and purportedly nonfiction portrayal of events that occurred in neighboring Kansas exactly twenty years later, replacing Steinbeck's omniscient narrator with a framing literary consciousness, his own. In January 1966, LIFE magazine presented a kind of visual intertext, bridging Capote's novel and the film to come. Featuring photographs by Richard Avedon of the crime location and the killers as they awaited execution in April, the photo-story was the first narrative and visual adaptation of Capote's account of the 1959 murders of the Clutter family of Holcomb, Kansas. Just as Capote adapted prior novelistic tropes, so Richard Brooks's 1967 film of In Cold Blood similarly draws upon visual antecedents, notably the work of Farm Security Administration (FSA) documentarians. Brooks seemed the natural choice for a cinematic realization of Capote's tour de force: a veteran journalist, oft-nominated adapter of literary texts, mercurial director of celebrated films noirs, and a seasoned negotiator of the liminal ground of nonfiction narrative. Both the film and its source text reveal a process of borrowing, including, and excluding—that is, of adaptation—that marked the lives of the protagonists. Brooks's black-and-white wide-screen film blends the FSA visual aesthetic, filtered through Avedon's images, with Capote's text into a cinematic hybrid, a mutation of visual and narrative realism.

    The Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information (FSA-OWI) Collection at the Library of Congress contains images captured from 1935 to 1944 by staff who would become some of the most famous mid-century documentary photographers, among them Walker Evans and Dorothea Lange. With a mandate to capture the work and impact of Depression-era federal agencies, camera artists were deployed across the country with special attention to rural and economically isolated areas. Kansas images by Russell Lee, Jack Delano, and John Vachon show beneficiaries of FSA funding as well as the impact of the railroad on the rural farmbelt.

  • The role of socioemotional wellbeing difficulties and adversity in the L2 acquisition of first-generation refugee children

  • Johanne Paradis, Adriana Soto-Corominas, Irene Vitoroulis, Redab Al Janaideh, Xi Chen, Alexandra Gottardo, Jennifer Jenkins, Katholiki Georgiades
  • Journal:
    Bilingualism: Language and Cognition / Volume 25 / Issue 5 / November 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 May 2022, pp. 921-933
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  • First-generation refugee children often experience pre- and post-migration adversity and display high levels of mental health/wellbeing difficulties, but to date, research has not examined the impact of such factors on refugee children's L2 acquisition. Accordingly, this study examined the influence of externalizing and internalizing problem behaviours (wellbeing), time in refugee camps and low socioeconomic status (SES) (adversity) on the English-L2 abilities of 117 Syrian refugee children (7–14 years) in their third year of residency in Canada. Wellbeing difficulties and adversity factors accounted for variance on L2 vocabulary, morphosyntax, listening comprehension and narrative production tasks, beyond the variance accounted for by age of L2 acquisition and length of L2 exposure. Specifically, externalizing problem behaviours, time in refugee camp, maternal education and maternal employment predicted variance in L2 abilities. It is concluded that refugee children could have influences on their L2 acquisition that are different from those of bilinguals with other backgrounds.

Trust in Government Agencies in the Time of COVID-19

Trust in Government Agencies in the Time of COVID-19
  • Scott E. Robinson, Kuhika Gupta, Joseph Ripberger, Jennifer A. Ross, Andrew Fox, Hank Jenkins-Smith, Carol Silva
  • Published online:
    21 October 2021
    Print publication:
    11 November 2021
    • Element
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  • As the US faced its lowest levels of reported trust in government, the COVID-19 crisis revealed the essential service that various federal agencies provide as sources of information. This Element explores variations in trust across various levels of government and government agencies based on a nationally-representative survey conducted in March of 2020. First, it examines trust in agencies including the Department of Health and Human Services, state health departments, and local health care providers. This includes variation across key characteristics including party identification, age, and race. Second, the Element explores the evolution of trust in health-related organizations throughout 2020 as the pandemic continued. The Element concludes with a discussion of the implications for agency-specific assessments of trust and their importance as we address historically low levels of trust in government. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

  • 6 - Planning for teaching

  • from Part III - Professional practice
    • By
  • Edited by Jeanne Allen, Griffith University, Queensland, Simone White, Queensland University of Technology
  • Book:
    Learning to Teach in a New Era
    Published online:
    24 March 2022
    Print publication:
    15 September 2021, pp 182-217

  • Summary

    Planning for learning is essential for creating environments conducive to learning and to developing student understandings. Standard 3 of the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers (APST) (Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership [AITSL], 2017) specifies the need for all graduate teachers to be able to ‘plan for and implement effective teaching and learning’. Quality planning involves the systematic use of feedback data to design activities that encourage the assimilation and synthesis of information, leading to the creation of new understandings.

    Good planning begins with the end in mind and incorporates multifaceted and interdependent elements that demand constant monitoring and adjustments by teachers in response to their ongoing assessment and evaluation as plans are enacted (Cornish & Garner, 2009). Planning, implementing, monitoring and adjusting are part of an ongoing recursive process.

    In this chapter, we look at the planning process in relation to all these elements, including: big picture planning, classroom-level planning, learning adjustments to cater for students’ learning needs.

  • 2 - Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, The Natural History of Switzerland (1716)—Excerpts

  • Edited by Sean M. Ireton, Caroline Schaumann
  • Book:
    Mountains and the German Mind
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    18 January 2023
    Print publication:
    25 June 2020, pp 47-74

  • Summary

    Introduction

    For The Swiss Naturalist Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672–1733), the scientific exploration of the Alps was a lifelong obsession. With the exception of the year 1708, he undertook annual four-week research trips to every region of Switzerland between 1702 and 1711. During his excursions, partly funded by the British Royal Society, Scheuchzer amassed a wealth of information about Alpine geology, flora, and fauna. Wherever he went, he conversed with the local population, collected rock and plant samples, measured the elevation of mountains, and took notes on meteorological conditions. His three-volume work Helvetiae Historia Naturalis/Die Natur-Historie des Schweitzerlandes (The Natural History of Switzerland), published between 1716 and 1718 in German, expands on the collected data Scheuchzer had published a decade earlier in the Beschreibung der Natur-Geschichten des Schweitzerlandes (Description of the Natural Histories of Switzerland, 1706–8). Whereas the title Natur-Historie demonstrates an allegiance to the traditional approach of collecting, classifying, and arranging knowledge from past sources as exemplified by Pliny the Elder’s Naturalis historia (Natural History), Scheuchzer augmented his mountain narrative with his own empirical observations of natural phenomena. Through the first half of the eighteenth century, his natural histories garnered wide acclaim from European intellectuals. Together with the later works of other Swiss authors such as Albrecht von Haller’s “Die Alpen” (The Alps, 1729), Salomon Gessner’s Idyllen (Idylls, 1756), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse (Julie, or the New Heloise, 1761), they constituted a significant contribution to the enthusiastic reception of the Alpine landscape in the following decades.

    For this compendium, we have translated the foreword to the first section, “Ordentliche Beschreibung der Natur-Geschichten des Schweitzerlandes” (A Systematic Description of the Natural Histories of Switzerland), and selections from the second section entitled “Von denen Schweitzerischen Gebirgen” (On the Swiss Mountains), included in the first volume of the Natur-Historie. In order to offer the reader a representative and cohesive overview of this voluminous and at times disjointed text, the translation of the subsections I through XXXVII is based on the selections in Richard Weiss’s 1934 anthology Die Entdeckung der Alpen (The Discovery of the Alps). While twentieth-century critics have dismissed the value of Scheuchzer’s scholarly oeuvre because of his residual adherence to Baroque superstitions—namely, his supposed belief in dragons—the translated excerpts elucidate his pivotal role in early modern mountain discourse.

  • Transnationalism and insurrection: independence committees, anti-colonial networks, and Germany’s global war

  • Jennifer Jenkins, Heike Liebau, Larissa Schmid
  • Journal:
    Journal of Global History / Volume 15 / Issue 1 / March 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    13 February 2020, pp. 61-79

  • This article analyses the Indian, Persian, and Algerian–Tunisian independence committees and their place in Germany’s ‘programme for revolution’, Berlin’s attempt to instigate insurrection across the British, French, and Russian empires during the First World War. The agency of Asian and North African activists in this programme remains largely unknown, and their wartime collaboration in Germany is an under-researched topic in the histories of anti-colonial activism. This article explores the collaboration between the three committees, highlighting their strategic relationships with German officials and with each other. Criticizing the Eurocentric framings still present in studies of wartime strategy, it contributes to a growing historiography on the war as a global conflict. It argues that the independence committees were central actors in Germany’s programme, that the transnationalism of the pre-1914 anti-colonial movements both imprinted Germany’s programme and was furthered by it, and that only a comparative perspective exploring the interactions of its anti-colonial activists fully grasps the global scope of this topic.

  • The CTSA External Reviewer Exchange Consortium (CEREC): Engagement and efficacy

  • Margaret Schneider, April Bagaporo, Jennifer A. Croker, Adam Davidson, Pam Dillon, Aileen Dinkjian, Madeline Gibson, Nia Indelicato, Amy J. Jenkins, Tanya Mathew, Renee McCoy, Hardeep Ranu, Kai Zheng
  • Journal:
    Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 3 / Issue 6 / December 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 October 2019, pp. 325-331
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  • Introduction:

    Many institutions evaluate applications for local seed funding by recruiting peer reviewers from their own institutional community. Smaller institutions, however, often face difficulty locating qualified local reviewers who are not in conflict with the proposal. As a larger pool of reviewers may be accessed through a cross-institutional collaborative process, nine Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) hubs formed a consortium in 2016 to facilitate reviewer exchanges. Data were collected to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of the consortium.

    Methods:

    The CTSA External Reviewer Exchange Consortium (CEREC) has been supported by a custom-built web-based application that facilitates the process and tracks the efficiency and productivity of the exchange.

    Results:

    All nine of the original CEREC members remain actively engaged in the exchange. Between January 2017 and May 2019, CEREC supported the review process for 23 individual calls for proposals. Out of the 412 reviews requested, 368 were received, for a fulfillment ratio of 89.3%. The yield on reviewer invitations has remained consistently high, with approximately one-third of invitations being accepted, and of the reviewers who agreed to provide a review, 88.3% submitted a complete review. Surveys of reviewers and pilot program administrators indicate high satisfaction with the process.

    Conclusions:

    These data indicate that a reviewer exchange consortium is feasible, adds value to participating partners, and is sustainable over time.

  • 9 - Broch’s Der Tod des Vergil: Art and Power, Language and the Ineffable

  • Edited by Graham Bartram, Sarah McGaughey, Galin Tihanov
  • Book:
    A Companion to the Works of Hermann Broch
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    20 January 2023
    Print publication:
    15 April 2019, pp 189-206

  • Summary

    Stahlblau und leicht, bewegt von einem leisen, kaum merklichen Gegenwind, waren die Wellen des adriatischen Meeres dem kaiserlichen Geschwader entgegengeströmt, als dieses, die mählich anrückenden Flachhügel der kalabrischen Küste zur Linken, dem Hafen Brundisium zusteuerte, und jetzt, da die sonnige, dennoch so todesahnende Einsamkeit der See sich ins friedvoll Freudige menschlicher Tätigkeit wandelte, da die Fluten, sanft überglänzt von der Nähe menschlichen Seins und Hausens, sich mit vielerlei Schiffen bevölkerten, mit solchen, die gleicherweise dem Hafen zustrebten, mit solchen, die aus ihm ausgelaufen waren, jetzt, da die braunsegeligen Fischerboote bereits überall die kleinen Schutzmolen all der vielen Dörfer und Ansiedlungen längs der weißbespülten Ufer verließen, um zum abendlichen Fang auszuziehen, da war das Wasser beinahe spiegelglatt geworden; perlmuttern war darüber die Muschel des Himmels geöffnet, es wurde Abend, und man roch das Holzfeuer der Herdstätten, so oft die Töne des Lebens, ein Hämmern oder ein Ruf von dort hergeweht und herangetragen wurden. (KW 4, 11)

    —Hermann Broch, Der Tod des Vergil

    [Steel-blue and light, ruffled by a soft, scarcely perceptible crosswind, the waves of the Adriatic streamed against the imperial squadron as it steered toward the harbor of Brundisium, the flat hills of the Calabrian coast coming gradually nearer on the left. And here, as the sunny yet deathly loneliness of the sea changed with the peaceful stir of friendly human activity where the channel, softly enhanced by the proximity of human life and human living, was populated by all sorts of craft—by some that were also approaching the harbor, by others heading out to sea and by the ubiquitous brown-sailed fishing boats already setting out for the evening catch from the little breakwaters which protected the many villages and settlements along the white-sprayed coast—here the water had become mirror-smooth; mother-of-pearl spread over the open shell of heaven, evening came on, and the pungence of wood fires was carried from the hearths whenever a sound of life, a hammering or a summons, was blown over from the shore.]

    —The Death of Virgil, trans. Jean Starr Untermeyer

    ALMOST A DECADE before the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, this passage—the opening scene of Hermann Broch’s Der Tod des Vergil— captured the artistic imagination of a then unknown eighteen-year-old East German from Dresden.

  • From mythical ‘standard’ to standard reality: The need for alternatives to standardized English language tests

  • Jennifer Jenkins, Constant Leung
  • Journal:
    Language Teaching / Volume 52 / Issue 1 / January 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    21 December 2018, pp. 86-110
    Print publication:
    January 2019

  • This position paper builds on three of our earlier publications on the same subject (Jenkins & Leung 2014; Leung, Lewkowicz & Jenkins 2016; Jenkins & Leung 2017), as well as a number of conference papers we have given both jointly and individually. However, what we have not done up to this point is to propose alternatives to the large-scale standardized English tests administered by the major international examination boards, of which we have been so critical, despite the fact that we have been discussing other possibilities among ourselves for several years. The opportunity to publish a position paper on English language assessment therefore provided an ideal opportunity to present our alternatives, and this we do in the final part of the paper.

  • 10 - Success and the Single Girl: Urban Romances of Working Women

  • Edited by Homer B. Pettey, University of Arizona
  • Book:
    Cold War Film Genres
    Published by:
    Edinburgh University Press
    Published online:
    24 April 2021
    Print publication:
    01 May 2018, pp 181-203

  • Summary

    At the dawn of the twentieth century, Theodore Dreiser published Sister Carrie, a country-mouse Cinderella story that followed Carrie Meeber from rural Wisconsin to Chicago to make her fortune in the big city. Carrie's career involves trading up through a series of men until she finds independence as a New York actress, fully capitalizing on her skill at artifice that she uses to survive. Carrie's upward mobility is based on her ability to play a scene with whomever can help her and she ends the novel with neither regret nor self-awareness. Her career path is wholly determined by urbanism and the advantage she takes of the anonymity and opportunity afforded to country girls who can learn city ways quickly. Sister Carrie is at heart a reimagining of Moll Flanders, updated for a modern audience and stripped of its redemptive conclusion by the realities of American secularism. As such, the novel defines one plotline or trope of the career girl in the city.

    By mid-century, U.S. women had served in auxiliary, support, and military capacities in two world wars, gained the right to vote, embraced coeducational college, and explored myriad jobs that had not been available to their mothers and grandmothers a half century before. During World War II, sociologists fretted about the reconfigured gender dynamic as women took wartime jobs, such as in this report from 1944: “It seems reasonably clear that the whitecollar jobs for women – teaching, secretarial work, and various kinds of merchandizing jobs – were enabled to attract and hold workers at low wages because of the social respectability attached to them. When the war made it equally respectable and somewhat more profitable to make airplanes, women deserted the old occupations in droves with the present embarrassing results for schools, offices, and stores. Whether the prestige of the old occupations will be restored with the coming of peace we cannot be certain.” Some of the earlier “white-collar jobs” of the interwar period absorbed postwar women workers but the skills and paychecks of wartime work led many young women to reject respectable but low-paid jobs. Girls sought careers and brought education and experience to the workplace. Cinema – both studio production and educational film – reflected this seachange in labor demographics.

  • Chapter 6 - Planning for teaching

  • from Part III - Professional practice
  • Edited by Jeanne Allen, Griffith University, Queensland, Simone White, Queensland University of Technology
  • Book:
    Learning to Teach in a New Era
    Published online:
    14 February 2020
    Print publication:
    18 October 2017, pp 198-242

  • Summary

    Learning objectives

    After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

  • • Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles behind ‘big picture’ planning and the teaching and learning cycle

  • • Display an understanding of why and how to adjust planning to make more connections across the curriculum and to cater for different learning needs

  • • Apply the components of the planning process

  • • Recognise some of the constraints and issues in planning for teaching and learning

    • Introduction

    Planning for learning is essential for creating environments conducive to deep learning and to developing student understandings. Standard 3 of the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers (APST) (Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership [AITSL], 2014) specifies the need for all graduate teachers to be able to ‘plan for and implement effective teaching and learning’. Quality planning involves the systematic use of feedback data to design activities that encourage the assimilation and synthesis of information, leading to the creation of new understandings. Student learning should always be the goal.

    ‘Big picture’ planning enables teachers to make sure they cover the required curriculum while day plans and single lesson plans enable them to implement effective teaching and learning programs that meet their students’ learning needs. Although all teachers have their own preferred methods when it comes to how they plan, generally they all progress through similar phases represented in what is commonly known as the ‘teaching and learning cycle’. Good planning begins with the end in mind and incorporates multifaceted and interdependent elements that demand constant monitoring and adjustments by teachers in response to their ongoing assessment and evaluation as plans are enacted (Cornish & Garner, 2009). Planning, implementing, monitoring and adjusting are therefore part of an ongoing recursive process.

    In this chapter, we look at the planning process in relation to all these elements: big picture planning, classroom-level planning, learning adjustments to cater for students’ learning needs, and a number of considerations that are relevant to the planning process. Some sample lesson plans are included.

    TEACHER REFLECTION

    Before we commence discussion of the planning process, take a moment to articulate your current knowledge, understanding and beliefs regarding planning for teaching. You may like to use the following questions to scaffold your thinking.

  • 1. What do you currently understand by the term ‘planning for effective teaching and learning’?

  • Birth weight interacts with a functional variant of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) to predict executive functioning in children

  • Mark Wade, Heather Prime, Thomas J. Hoffmann, Louis A. Schmidt, Thomas G. O'Connor, Jennifer M. Jenkins
  • Journal:
    Development and Psychopathology / Volume 30 / Issue 1 / February 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    17 May 2017, pp. 203-211

  • Genetic variation in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) is associated with several psychiatric conditions characterized by deficits in executive functioning (EF). A specific OXTR variant, rs2254298, has previously been associated with brain functioning in regions implicated in EF. Moreover, birth weight variation across the entire range is associated with individual differences in cortical structure and function that underlie EF. This is the first study to examine the main and interactive effect between rs2254298 and birth weight on EF in children. The sample consisted of 310 children from an ongoing longitudinal study. EF was measured at age 4.5 using observational tasks indexing working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control. A family-based design that controlled for population admixture, stratification, and nongenomic confounds was employed. A significant genetic association between rs2254298 and EF was observed, with more copies of the major allele (G) associated with higher EF. There was also a significant interaction between rs2254298 and birth weight, such that more copies of the major allele in combination with higher birth weight predicted better EF. Findings suggest that OXTR may be associated with discrete neurocognitive abilities in childhood, and these effects may be modulated by intrauterine conditions related to fetal growth and development.

  • Iran in the Nazi New Order, 1933–1941

  • Jennifer Jenkins
  • Journal:
    Iranian Studies / Volume 49 / Issue 5 / September 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 January 2022, pp. 727-751
    Print publication:
    September 2016

  • Despite a succession of scholarly studies over the years, the relationship between Reza Shah’s Iran and National Socialist Germany has not been fully explored. Rather than focusing on the supposed Aryan ideological sympathies that bound the two countries together, this article argues that the real driver of the German–Iranian relationship in the 1930s was economic and based in the mutual interaction of state economic initiatives. It states that Iran’s place in Nazism’s economic system was the outcome of two factors: the “New Plan” of Reich Economics Minister Hjalmar Schacht, and its focus on clearing agreements as a motor for depression-era trade, and the connections of Schacht’s system to Reza Shah’s strategy to modernize Iran. In exploring this issue the article focuses on relations between Germany and Iran during three distinct moments: first, the period from 1918 to 1928 and the working out of a new relationship after the First World War; secondly the period of Schacht’s New Plan in Iran in the mid-1930s; and finally the period from the signing of the Nazi-Soviet Pact in 1939 to the British–Soviet invasion of Iran in 1941. During this last period Iran both belonged to the Nazi–Soviet trade zone created by the Pact and attempted to defend its neutrality.

  • Cumulative contextual risk, maternal responsivity, and social cognition at 18 months

  • Mark Wade, Chris Moore, Janet Wilde Astington, Kristen Frampton, Jennifer M. Jenkins
  • Journal:
    Development and Psychopathology / Volume 27 / Issue 1 / February 2015
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    14 July 2014, pp. 189-203

  • By 18 months children demonstrate a range of social–cognitive skills that can be considered important precursors to more advanced forms of social understanding such as theory of mind. Although individual differences in social cognition have been linked to neurocognitive maturation, sociocultural models of development suggest that environmental influences operate in the development of children's social–cognitive outcomes. In the current study of 501 children and their mothers, we tested and found support for a model in which distal environmental risk, assessed when children were newborns, was indirectly associated with children's social–cognitive competency at 18 months through mothers' responsivity at 18 months. Part of this effect also operated through children's concomitant language skills, suggesting both a language-mediated and a language-independent mechanism of social–cognitive development. These findings are discussed with respect to the Vygotskian themes of internalization and semiotic mediation.

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