This study re-examines the fiscal collapse of late-Qing China by analyzing how the imperial household’s financial practices destabilized the dynasty’s governance equilibrium. Focusing on the post-1853 period, it argues that the Taiping Rebellion’s devastation of salt tax networks and customary revenue streams triggered a systemic rupture in the Qing’s dual patrimonial-bureaucratic fiscal structure. Deprived of traditional income, the Imperial Household Department abandoned its century-old fiscal segregation from the Board of Revenue, initiating coercive fund transfers in 1857 that persisted until 1908. These transfers eroded bureaucratic control over public expenditures while enabling unchecked imperial extraction through semi-privatized channels. Contrary to previous scholarship emphasizing provincial-central tensions, this study highlights how the imperial household’s ultra-bureaucratic prerogatives subverted fiscal discipline, replacing quota-based budgeting with ad hoc requisitions. The resulting institutional dysfunction – marked by path-dependent rent-seeking and stifled fiscal innovation – exacerbated the regime’s inability to reconcile patrimonial demands with bureaucratic rationalization. By exposing the collapse of the Qing’s historic governance dialectic, this study reframes the dynasty’s fiscal disintegration as a crisis of autocratic institutional design rather than mere resource scarcity, offering new insights into late-imperial state failure.

The food environment plays an important role in nutrition-related health outcomes. The influence of market settings on overall diet quality may be substantial where individuals regularly attend any given market. Salamanca Market (Hobart, Tasmania), and Carriageworks Market (Sydney, New South Wales; NSW) are two popular Saturday markets, attended regularly by locals. Salamanca Market provides a diverse range of edible (~30% of stalls) and non-edible (~70% of stalls) goods with a non-exclusive focus on ‘Tasmania’s own’ products. Carriageworks ‘Farmers Market’ features primarily edible products (~90% of stalls), requiring products to be grown/made/produced by the stallholder in NSW or Australian Capital Territory(1). While benefiting from tourism, these two markets are strongly attended by locals(2), therefore making an important contribution to health of individuals as a food environment experienced frequently and repeatedly. This study examined changes in food/beverage stall offerings at these markets over a 10- to 13-year period, as a reflection on the potential changes in weekly markets and hence food environments experienced across Australia. Stallholder information for Salamanca (summer stallholders 2011–12 to 2023–24) and Carriageworks (2015–2024 inclusive) markets were obtained from the respective official websites and analysed for stall categorisation. Current range of available products and categorisations were confirmed through in-person audits in January 2024. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the findings. Over the study period, Salamanca Market food and beverage offerings grew by 21% to comprise 31.7% (89/291) of all stalls in 2024. This was driven by an increase in stalls offering primarily ‘discretionary’ foods/beverages: Take Away Food increased by 58% to 38% and Confectionary nearly doubled to 11% of food/beverage stalls. Stalls selling alcohol as their primary product increased from 13% to 64% of all beverage stalls over this time; vendors selling primarily whisky/spirits grew from 1 stall in 2012–13 to 9 stalls in 2023–24. This occurred simultaneously with a reduction in ‘core’ foods availability: Fruit and Vegetable stalls dropped from 24% to 10% and Dairy halved to 3% of food/beverage stalls. However, self-titled ‘farmers market’ Carriageworks demonstrated relative stability in stall composition over 10 years. Notable changes included reduction in number of Meat/Fish/Poultry/Alternatives stalls by 50%, and an almost halving of Condiments stalls, however other stall types (Fruit/Vegetables; Dairy) have remained relatively unchanged in number and proportion; almost two thirds of stalls primarily sold ‘core’ foods. In summary, stall composition at a market prizing a diversity of offerings demonstrated a transition to a poorer food environment, whereas stall composition at a ‘farmers market’ demonstrated less change and a ‘healthier’ composition of food/beverage offerings over 10–13 years. The food environment offered at ‘farmers markets’ is likely to be superior for healthful food purchasing and positive impacts on nutrition-related outcomes, compared to mixed-business markets.

While there is evidence that childhood maltreatment (CM) is positively associated with drug use (DU), the strength and difference of the association between CM and its subtypes (hereafter CM + ST) and DU remains to be further explored. A multilevel meta-analysis was conducted on 101 independent studies reporting 333 effect sizes (N = 132,341; Mage = 24.65; 43.80%males). Results showed significantly positive correlations between CM + ST and DU (range from 0.109 to 0.185). The results of the subgroup analysis revealed notable disparities in the correlations between distinct CM subtypes and DU (F = 5.358, P<0.01). Specifically, the effect size for childhood sexual abuse (CSA) was significantly lower than childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM) and childhood physical maltreatment (CPM), while no significant difference was noted between the CEM and CPM groups. These effect sizes also varied across regions, drug types, gender, detection rate of CM, the presence or absence of alcohol in substances, publication status and measurement method. The significant yet differing correlations between different subtypes of CM and DU to some extent support the principle of equality in psychopathology. These findings help explain the relationship between CM + ST and DU laying the groundwork for further research into the intricate and complex associations between CM and DU.

Interrupted aortic arch is an uncommon cardiac anomaly characterised by a lack of continuity between the ascending and descending aorta. The presence of interrupted aortic arch in adults is extremely rare, and there is limited documentation of such cases in the literature. In this article, we present a unique case of interrupted aortic arch in an adult diagnosed through angiography. This case falls under the anatomical classification of type B interruption, although the blood supply to the left subclavian artery originates from the ascending aorta. Its haemodynamic characteristics are completely different from those of the classical type B interruption.

The August 15, 1945 announcement by the Japanese Emperor declaring Japan's intention to accept the Allied forces' terms of unconditional surrender sent Koreans throughout the empire into the streets in celebration. For the first time in decades they could freely associate with their fellow countrymen, communicate in their native language, and wave their national flag (taegeukgi) as Koreans without fear of punishment.[1]

The persistence of customary land use practices is a significant focus in the sociology of law. This paper examines this issue by analysing the ongoing practice of farmland reallocation in rural China, where villages periodically reallocate farmland based on household size. Although the Rural Land Contract Law (RLCL) prohibits this practice and emphasizes the protection of farmers’ property rights, it continues to persist. Research has found that village elites who are well versed in the RLCL often maintain this practice by exploiting legal exceptions. However, for this practice to continue, it requires the support of ordinary farmers, making their legal knowledge crucial. Based on this, the paper hypothesizes that the practice persists because legal knowledge has not yet widely spread among farmers. While this hypothesis was not confirmed through the survey, the findings suggest that state law remains distant from ordinary farmers, almost as if it is irrelevant to them.

Land use change has significantly altered most ecosystem functioning, such as nutrition provisioning, water flows and pollination services. So far, the impact of land use change on the dietary diversity of predatory insects has remained largely unexplored. In this study, we explored the prey composition of reared yellow-legged hornets Vespa velutina Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in landscapes with a gradient of surrounding green lands, using metabarcoding of feces eliminated by larvae. The hornets primarily fed upon insects, with dipterans, coleopterans, lepidopterans, hemipterans, hymenopterans, and orthopterans being the dominant prey groups. The percentage of green lands had a significantly positive effect on prey richness at a spatial scale of 1500 m, but no effect on Shannnon index of the prey community. Meanwhile, the green lands had significantly positive effects on richness of coleopteran prey and lepidopteran prey, but no significant effect on richness of dipteran prey, hemipteran prey, hymenopteran prey, or orthopteran prey. In terms of beta diversity, the percentage of green lands explained the dissimilarity of prey communities among landscapes, whereas local factors, such as the distance to green lands and the distance to buildings, did not explain the dissimilarity. Our study indicated that the green lands in the landscape positively affected the dietary diversity of reared yellow-legged hornets, but this effect varied among different taxonomic groups of prey.

Objectives/Goals: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive and prevalent breast cancer subtype that lacks targeted therapies. This study aims to investigate whether the niclosamide derivative HJC0152 can modulate tumor-derived PD-L1 expression and enhance the effectiveness of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in treating TNBC. Methods/Study Population: Niclosamide derivative HJC0152 was developed as a novel cancer therapeutic and immunomodulating agent. Human TNBC cell line (MDA-MB-231) was treated with HJC0152, and activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway was evaluated using Western blotting. RNA-Seq was employed to analyze the expression of protein-coding genes, particularly those related to immune response. To study therapeutic potential in vivo, TNBC mouse models will be treated with single agent treatments as well as a combination therapy of HJC0152 and anti-PD-1. Tumor volume and mass will be measured over time to determine growth inhibition. Results/Anticipated Results: Preliminary studies indicate that HJC0152 exhibits enhanced solubility compared to Niclosamide, along with high anticancer potency both in vitro and in vivo. HJC0152 was found to effectively inhibit the activation of phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) in MDA-MB-231 cells, a key signaling pathway associated with cancer progression and immune evasion. RNA-Seq analysis of HJC0152-treated MDA-MB-231 cells revealed a decrease in PD-L1 expression, an essential immune checkpoint protein involved in tumor immune suppression. These findings suggest that HJC0152 is a promising immune modulator that may enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade therapy for TNBC. Discussion/Significance of Impact: This study explores an innovative immunotherapy for TNBC using the Niclosamide derivative HJC0152, which inhibits STAT3 signaling and downregulates PD-L1. Results from this study will provide a foundation for HJC0152’s inclusion in clinical trials and potentially offer a new and promising therapeutic option for TNBC treatment.

Generative Artificial Intelligence (Generative AI) is a collection of AI technologies that can generate new information such as texts and images. With its strong capabilities, Generative AI has been actively studied in creative design processes. However, limited studies have explored the roles of humans and Generative AI in conceptual design processes, which leaves a gap for human–AI collaboration investigation. To address this gap, this study attempts to uncover the contributions of different Generative AI technologies in assisting humans in the conceptual design process. Novice designers were recruited to complete two design tasks in the condition of with or without the assistance of Generative AI. The results revealed that Generative AI primarily assists humans in the problem definition and idea generation stages, while the idea selection and evaluation stage remains predominantly human-led. Additionally, with the assistance of Generative AI, the idea selection and evaluation stages were further enhanced. Based on the findings, we discussed the role of Generative AI in human–AI collaboration and the implications for enhancing future conceptual design support with Generative AI’s assistance.

In reflecting on the history of Management and Organization Review (MOR), it is not cliché to say that ‘time flies’. It is amazing that MOR has been in existence for 20 years. The memories of the excitement, challenges, and anxiety in the founding years are still vivid, like yesterday. Most organizations die within 5 years of their birth (Daepp, Hamilton, West, & Bettencourt, 2015; Gürtler & Miller, 2022; SAIC, 2013). We can assume that MOR has passed its survival threat. What accounts for its survival success? Is it luck, as would be the case of some entrepreneurial ventures that came to be at the right time in the right place? Survival was not on the minds of the founders of MOR; making an impact on advancing Chinese management research was. What were the founders' aspirations for creating a new journal in an already highly competitive and mature field of journal publishing in business and management? How well has MOR reached its aspirations? Twenty years is a good occasion to take stock of the achievements of MOR, its challenges and opportunities, and what future does it desire in serving the global community of Chinese management and organization scholars?

Bombyx mori Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (BmWARS) belongs to the family of Ic-like aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), whose specific recognition of the substrate Trp, tRNA, maintains the fidelity of protein synthesis. In this study, BmWARS was cloned and characterized from the midgut of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, resulting in an open reading frame (ORF) with a full length of 1,149 bp, which can encode 382 Aa. BmWARS is localized in the cytoplasm, and is expressed in all tissues of the silkworm, with higher expression in the testis, ovary, silk gland and malpighian tubule. The expression of BmWARS was significantly up-regulated in the midgut and silk gland after infection with Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV). In addition, overexpression of BmWARS inhibited BmNPV infection and replication extremely significantly, while interference with BmWARS expression promoted BmNPV infection and replication. Analysis of the immune pathways in which BmWARS may be involved revealed that the expression of the key genes of the PI3K-Akt pathway, BmPI3K, BmAkt, BmPDK1, BmeIF4E, BmS6, and p-Akt protein was significantly reduced, whereas the expression of BmPTEN, BmFoxO, and BmCaspase9 was significantly increased in the cells that overexpressed BmWARS and were infected with BmNPV. Meanwhile, the results of the study interfering with the expression of BmWARS were completely opposite to those of the study overexpressing BmWARS. This is the first report that BmWARS has antiviral effects in Bombyx mori. Moreover, BmWARS inhibits BmNPV infection and replication in Bombyx mori cells by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation.

We replicate and extend Jia, You, and Du's (2012) study. We added samples from the last 13 years (from 2011 to 2023) and analyzed these new samples using the same methodology as the 2012 article. Our replication found that in the last 13 years, 4 articles in the six leading journals and 16 articles in Management and Organization Review (MOR) have the highest degree of Chinese contextualization in concepts (what), their relationships (how), and the logics underlying the relationships (why). The Chinese context continues to contribute novel knowledge. The extension study fully demonstrates that in the 20 years since its birth, MOR has been on the path of pursuing its original aspiration and realizing its mission. On the what, why, and joint contextualization dimensions, the proportion of articles published in MOR with high contextualized theoretical contributions is higher than the proportion in the six leading journals. On the theory-building dimension, the overall degree of the articles published in MOR is higher than that of those published in the six leading journals. This indicates that MOR publishes articles that are not only of high quality and make general theoretical contributions, but also are highly relevant to the Chinese context.