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The Cambridge Companion to Race and American Literature
  • Edited by John Ernest
  • Published online:
    02 November 2024
    Print publication:
    27 June 2024
  • Race is central to American history. It is impossible to understand the United States without understanding how race has been defined and deployed at every stage of the nation's history. Offering a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the history of race, The Cambridge Companion to Race and American Literature shows how this history has been represented in literature, and how those representations have influenced American culture. Written by leading scholars in in African American, Latinx, Asian American, Native American, and white American studies, the essays in this volume address the centrality of race in American literature by foregrounding the conflicts across different traditions and different modes of interpretation. This volume explores the unsteady foundations of American literary history, examines the hardening of racial fault lines throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, and then considers various aspects of the multiple literary and complexly interrelated traditions that emerged from this fractured cultural landscape.

  • Efficacy of a short message service brief contact intervention (SMS-SOS) in reducing repetition of hospital-treated self-harm: randomised controlled trial

  • Garry John Stevens, Sandro Sperandei, Gregory Leigh Carter, Sithum Munasinghe, Trent Ernest Hammond, Naren Gunja, Anabel de la Riva, Vlasios Brakoulias, Andrew Page
  • Journal:
    The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 224 / Issue 3 / March 2024
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    12 December 2023, pp. 106-113
    Print publication:
    March 2024
    • Article
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      • Open access
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  • Background

    Hospital-treated self-harm is common and costly, and is associated with repeated self-harm and suicide.

    Aims

    To investigate the effectiveness of a brief contact intervention delivered via short message service (SMS) text messages in reducing hospital-treated self-harm re-presentations in three hospitals in Sydney (2017–2019), Australia. Trial registration number: ACTRN12617000607370.

    Method

    A randomised controlled trial with parallel arms allocated 804 participants presenting with self-harm, stratified by previous self-harm, to a control condition of treatment as usual (TAU) (n = 431) or an intervention condition of nine automated SMS contacts (plus TAU) (n = 373), over 12 months following the index self-harm episode. The primary outcomes were (a) repeat self-harm event rate (number of self-harm events per person per year) at 6-, 12- and 24-month follow-up and (b) the time to first repeat at 24-month follow-up.

    Results

    The event rate for self-harm repetition was lower for the SMS compared with TAU group at 6 months (IRR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.61–1.01), 12 months (IRR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.64–0.95) and 24 months (IRR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.66–0.91). There was no difference between the SMS and TAU groups in the time to first repeat self-harm event over 24 months (HR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.72–1.26). There were four suicides in the TAU group and none in the SMS group.

    Conclusions

    The 22% reduction in repetition of hospital-treated self-harm was clinically meaningful. SMS text messages are an inexpensive, scalable and universal intervention that can be used in hospital-treated self-harm populations but further work is needed to establish efficacy and cost-effectiveness across settings.

  • Introduction

  • Edited by John Ernest, University of Delaware
  • Book:
    Race in American Literature and Culture
    Published online:
    26 May 2022
    Print publication:
    16 June 2022, pp 1-8

  • Summary

    Race is central to American history. It is, or should be, impossible to understand the United States without attending carefully to how race has been defined and deployed at every stage of the nation’s history. From the 1790 Naturalization Act, which limited naturalization to “free white persons,” to the Trump presidency, race has been at the center of American cultural life – both shaping and shaped by economic practices and priorities; influencing where people live and what opportunities they are likely to encounter; serving as a key variable in local, state, and national elections; serving as the ominous subtext of the legal system and policing methods; and guiding government policies and social practices. Although our educational system has almost miraculously managed to isolate and contain much of US racial history into discrete and settled textbook chapters, it is difficult to imagine American history without accounting for the effects of the system of slavery, Indian removal, the Dred Scott decision, the Indian Appropriations Act, the Chinese Exclusion Act, Japanese incarceration, or other racist projects in American history that shaped how the system works – who has control over space, governance, and power. Every aspect of American culture, from the Electoral College to the history of sports and entertainment, has been almost immeasurably influenced by the determination of the white population to define and guard the borders of whiteness and to subordinate and control all those beyond those borders.

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