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The paper opens with a brief discussion of the problems in testing nonlinear models of attitude change. The regression artifacts produced by unreliability are shown in both the linear and nonlinear case. Classical solutions for the linear case are quickly reviewed. A “new” solution to the linear case is presented and applied to the nonlinear case. It is shown to work well under a broad set of conditions. Regression artifacts in bivariate regression are then discussed. If the predictors are independent, then the univariate correction procedure can be applied to each predictor separately. But if the predictors are correlated, a joint correction procedure must be used. One such procedure is defined and shown to work perfectly in the case of linear regression and reasonably well in a broad set of conditions in which the regression is nonlinear.
This paper explores certain problems which arise within the context of the theory of generalizability put forward by Cornbach, Rajaratnam, and Gleser. In particular, a formal explication of their theory for the single observation is given, and the various coefficients of generalizability which they define are related to the estimation of universe scores.
The microelectrophoretic and adsorption behaviour of lithium vermiculite has been studied as a function of lithium chloride concentration. This was done in an attempt to establish the applicability of such systems to the testing of theories of interaction of flat plates, and in so doing to throw further light on swelling measurements performed on such materials. The studied behaviour, while highly unusual, gave quite good agreement between adsorption and microelectrophoretic parameters and agreed, qualitatively, with some earlier measurements on similar materials.
The observed properties appear to be due to some rather specific structuring effects, either of the oxide surface or of the electrolyte ions. If this is so, these systems are far from ideal models for the testing of the theory of interaction of two uniform flat plates.
Evaluating exoskeleton actuation methods and designing an effective controller for these exoskeletons are both challenging and time-consuming tasks. This is largely due to the complicated human–robot interactions, the selection of sensors and actuators, electrical/command connection issues, and communication delays. In this research, a test framework for evaluating a new active–passive shoulder exoskeleton was developed, and a surface electromyography (sEMG)-based human-robot cooperative control method was created to execute the wearer’s movement intentions. The hierarchical control used sEMG-based intention estimation, mid-level strength regulation, and low-level actuator control. It was then applied to shoulder joint elevation experiments to verify the exoskeleton controller’s effectiveness. The active–passive assistance was compared with fully passive and fully active exoskeleton control using the following criteria: (1) post-test survey, (2) load tolerance duration, and (3) computed human torque, power, and metabolic energy expenditure using sEMG signals and inverse dynamic simulation. The experimental outcomes showed that active–passive exoskeletons required less muscular activation torque (50%) from the user and reduced fatigue duration indicators by a factor of 3, compared to fully passive ones.
Among nursing home outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with ≥3 breakthrough infections when the predominant severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant circulating was the SARS-CoV-2 δ (delta) variant, fully vaccinated residents were 28% less likely to be infected than were unvaccinated residents. Once infected, they had approximately half the risk for all-cause hospitalization and all-cause death compared with unvaccinated infected residents.
We report the detections of NH3(3,3) and 25 GHz and 278.3 GHz class I CH3OH maser emission associated with the outflow of the Extended Green Object G19.01–0.03 in sub-arcsecond resolution Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) observations. For masers associated with the outer outflow lobes (> 12.5 ″ from the central massive young stellar object; MYSO), the spatial distribution of the NH3(3,3) masers is statistically indistinguishable from that of previously known 44 GHz Class I CH3OH masers, strengthening the connection of NH3(3,3) masers to outflow shocks. In sub-arcsecond resolution VLA observations, we resolve the 6.7 GHz Class II CH3OH maser emission towards the MYSO into a partial, inclined ring, with a velocity gradient consistent with the rotationally supported circumstellar disc traced by thermal gas emission.
Wittgenstein's dictum in 580 of Philosophical Investigations, ‘An “inner process” stands in need of outward criteria’, is one of his most frequently mentioned remarks, and is largely treated as a particularly clear and unproblematic statement, at least as Wittgenstein's sayings go. When anyone finds it unproblematic, he naturally does not say what he takes it to mean; but if it is as mystifying as I will claim, and if its meaning is as well concealed as I will suggest, it is almost certain that it has been widely and seriously misunderstood.
This article describes our qualitative research on the follow-up of 10 children, 5 years into recovery after cardiac surgery. The research was driven by a multi-disciplinary team of medical anthropologists, cardiologists, and an intensive care specialist and was based at the Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital where they underwent surgeries. The research sought to answer two questions; first, could we successfully maintain contact with and follow up the children; the second – which will be answered in future papers – asked what life was like for them and their families during surgery and later recovery. The results are presented as a discussion on the themes that arose in our engagement and analysis and not as clinical evidence. These showed that elective surgery although significantly delayed was successful, and all children were followed up at their medical appointments. The researchers, however, were unable to establish follow-up with all families over the duration of the study. In the final round of interviews in the respondents’ homes, of 10 children, we remained in contact with seven. The discussion argues that effective communication and access to these children was often compromised by their coming from the poorer communities in the Cape Town metropolitan region, making them even more vulnerable during their recovery periods.
The Amery Ice Shelf Ocean Research (AMISOR) project aims to examine and quantify processes involved in the interaction between the ice shelf, the interior grounded ice and the oceanic water masses that circulate beneath it. Two boreholes were melted through the shelf, within 100 km of the calving front, to access the ocean cavity. One (AM02) was at a site where it was believed that basal melt was occurring, and the other (AM01) was in a region with accreted marine ice. At both sites the summertime ocean structure revealed meltwater-modified boundary layers up to 100 m thick immediately beneath the shelf. Salinity and temperature data in the upper cavity at AM02 showed a strong seasonal cycle as a result of a combination of ice-shelf basal melt, and the intrusion of ocean water masses modified by sea-ice processes in Prydz Bay. At AM01, a 200m thick layer of marine ice underlay the meteoric ice, and showed an increase in salinity and decrease in stable-isotope fractionation with depth. The lowest 100m of marine ice was highly permeable, with a rectangular banded textural facies. Other preliminary results from this study are also reported.
Observations of the water level in Beaver Lake, an epishelf lake in East Antarctica, show a regular tidal signal that is lagged and attenuated from the tides beneath the adjacent Amery Ice Shelf. The phase lag and amplitude attenuation can be created by a narrow inlet connection between Beaver Lake and the cavity beneath the Amery Ice Shelf. A forced linear damped oscillator is used to determine the inlet dimensions that are required to produce the observed phase lag and amplitude attenuation. The model shows that the observations are consistent with a tidal flow that is restricted by the drag created by flow in the narrow inlet. Analysis shows that the phase lag and amplitude attenuation of the tides in Beaver Lake has increased over the years 1991-2002, probably due to a thickening of the overlying ice shelf. The response is sensitive to subtle variations in the dimensions of the inlet.
Enlist™ cotton contains the aad-12 and pat genes that confer resistance to 2,4-D and glufosinate, respectively. Thirty-three field trials were conducted focused on Enlist cotton injury from glufosinate as affected by cotton growth stage, application rate, and single or sequential applications. Maximum injury from a single application of typical 1X (542 g ae ha-1) and 2X use rates was 3 and 13%, respectively, regardless of growth stage. Injury from sequential applications of 1X or 2X rates was equivalent to single applications. Similar injury was observed with four commercial formulations of glufosinate. Cotton yield was never affected by glufosinate. This research demonstrates Enlist™ cotton has robust resistance to glufosinate at rates at least twice the typical use rate when applied once or twice at growth stages ranging from 2 to 12 leaves.
The exotic shrub red sesbania is an increasingly problematic weed in riparian and wetland ecosystems of California. Current control methods focus on manual removal, followed by herbicide application. Although this method effectively removes mature stands, the control is temporary because the presence of a large seed bank results in rapid germination and growth of new seedlings. We measured the density of seed banks beneath stands of varying densities and evaluated the potential of tarping and inundation for control of red sesbania seed banks. As expected, the abundance of viable red sesbania seeds in the soil was significantly greater beneath high-density stands than it was beneath low-density stands. Results for inundation and tarping experiments were mixed. Sustained inundation significantly decreased survivorship of germinated seeds compared with the control, as well as causing a statistically significant reduction in germination. Seven months after tarping, during the fall/winter growing season, there was no significant effect on red sesbania seedling abundance, stump resprout abundance, or height. Germination in the laboratory was significantly reduced by extended exposure to temperatures of 60 C, although lower temperatures did not reduce germination. Red sesbania appears to be resilient to tarping as a control method, at least in the settings studied.
Remains of a Holocene drowned forest in southern Lake Huron discovered in 12.5 m of water (164 m above sea level), 4.5 km east of Lexington, Michigan USA (Sanilac site), provided wood to investigate environment and lake history using several proxies. Macrofossil evidence indicates a forest comprised primarily of conifers equivalent to the modern “rich conifer swamp” community, despite generally low regional abundance of these species in pollen records. Ages range from 7095 ± 50 to 6420 ± 70 14C yr BP, but the clustering of stump dates and the development of 2 floating tree-ring chronologies suggest a briefer forest interval of no more than c. 400 years. Dendrochronological analysis indicates an environment with high inter-annual climate variability. Stable-carbon isotope composition falls within the range of modern trees from this region, but the stable-oxygen composition is consistent with warmer conditions than today. Both our tree-ring and isotope data provide support for a warmer environment in this region, consistent with a mid-Holocene thermal maximum. This drowned forest also provides a dated elevation in the Nipissing transgression at about 6420 14C yr BP (7350 cal yr BP) in the southern Lake Huron basin, a few hundred years before reopening of the St. Clair River drainage.
We present simulation results from a version of the Regional Ocean Modeling System modified for ice shelf/ocean interaction, including the parameterisation of basal melting by molecular diffusion alone. Simulations investigate the differences in melting for an idealised ice shelf experiencing a range of cold to hot ocean cavity conditions. Both the pattern of melt and the location of maximum melt shift due to changes in the buoyancy-driven circulation, in a different way to previous studies. Tidal forcing increases both the circulation strength and melting, with the strongest impact on the cold cavity case. Our results highlight the importance of including a complete melt parameterisation and tidal forcing. In response to the 2.4°C ocean warming initially applied to a cold cavity ice shelf, we find that melting will increase by about an order of magnitude (24 × with tides and 41 × without tides).
Excavations to the east of the Roman fort of Inveresk in 2010 partly uncovered remains of a Mithraeum — the first from Scotland and the earliest securely dated example from Britain. A large rectangular sunken feature with lateral benches contained two altars buried face down at its north-western end. One was dedicated to Mithras, with iconography of both Mithras and Apollo as well as libation vessels. The other was dedicated to Sol, with a frieze above showing the Four Seasons. The Sol altar had a recess in the rear for a light which would have shone through his pierced rays, eyes, mouth and nose. Remains of an iron rod behind the nose hint at a more complex arrangement to create special visual or acoustic effects. Paint and plaster traces were recorded on both altars. The dedicator, G(aius) Cas(sius) Fla(…), a centurion, may have been in command of the garrison or of a legionary detachment. Stylistic links, especially in letter form, connect the work to sculptors of Legio XX. The stones and pigments are most likely from local sources. Little of the setting could be explored but there were traces of a precinct. A pit beside the Mithraeum included a large part of a well-used fineware beaker, which represented a deliberate offering. The Supplementary Material available online (http://journals.cambridge.org/bri) contains detailed descriptions of the altars, observations on the stone-working technology, lithology and pigment analysis, with extensive illustrations.
The development of petroleum resources in the UK is not a new phenomenon. Off shore exploration began in the mid-1960s, but the exploitation of conventional hydrocarbons onshore dates back to the end of the First World War, and oil shales were exploited in Scotland for over a century from the middle of the 19th century. Current daily production stands at around 20,000–25,000 barrels of oil equivalent (boe). Despite the popular perception that the development of shale gas will involve the deployment of technologies new to the UK, industry and regulators have already had experience of HF (hydraulic facturing) and directional drilling (DD) in the extraction of conventional petroleum activities. Of the more than 2,000 wells drilled onshore, approximately 200 of those have undergone HF. Indeed, the combination of HF and DD enabled the development in 1979 of the Wytch Farm Field in Dorset, Europe's largest onshore producing field. However, exploration for gas from shale reservoirs (shale gas) has been minimal to date, in part due to public concerns about the technologies involved and the adequacy of the current regulatory framework to prevent environmental harm, including groundwater contamination.
Shale gas, and its associated activity of HF was first brought to the attention of the UK public in the spring of 2011, when Cuadrilla resources undertook HF of an exploration well at Preese Hall, near Blackpool. This HF triggered two mild seismic events in April and May, and resulted in the UK Government imposing a temporary moratorium on shale gas activities while a review of the risks related to HF was undertaken. The Preese Hall incident and its link to HF triggered what has now become a tsunami of community concern and activism, thrusting the activity of HF and the development of shale gas into the spotlight.
In response to the Preese Hall incident a study was undertaken by the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering (RS & RAE), focusing on the major risks associated with HF as a method of extracting shale gas in the UK. The outcomes of the study were made available in the publication Shale Gas Extraction in the UK: A Review of Hydraulic Fracturing (the RS & RAE Review).
from
Part V
-
The Future of Shale Gas in the United Kingdom
By
Tina Hunter, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom,
Emre Úsenmez, Lecturer in Oil and Gas Law and an Associate at the Aberdeen University Centre for Energy Law, United Kingdom,
John Paterson, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom
The United Kingdom is poised tentatively on the edge of shale gas development. The first steps in this direction at Preese Hall near Blackpool in the spring of 2011 resulted in two minor seismic events that not only prompted government and academic inquiries, but also heralded in an era of public objection to shale gas development in the UK in general, and to the technique of hydraulic fracturing (HF), or ‘fracking’, in particular. Despite suggestions that the tremors induced were minor, the UK government clearly felt compelled to respond to public concerns.
The legal framework regulating the exploration for and production of shale gas was immediately subjected to close scrutiny. A temporary moratorium was imposed while the Preese Hall incident was investigated under the auspices of the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering (RS & RAE), the outcome of which was published as Shale Gas Extraction in the UK: A Review of Hydraulic Fracturing (the review). In addition, Cuadrilla, the operator of the shale gas exploration well at Preese Hall, commissioned a series of studies to examine to possible relationship between hydraulic fracturing and seismic activity. The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) requested a review of these reports by three experienced academics and practitioners: Professor Peter Styles of Keele University, Dr Brian Baptie of the British Geological Survey, and Dr Christopher Green of G Frac Technologies (the expert team). The resultant report, Preese Hall Shale Gas Fracturing: Review and Recommendations for Induced Seismic Mitigation, addressed the question of whether HF as a practice in shale gas development is safe. It focused on aquifer contamination, well integrity and seismicity.
Following this comprehensive review of shale gas activites in the UK, some regulatory reform occurred and the moratorium was lift ed. However, the review, and subsequent legislative reform has so far failed to quell the public concerns regarding shale gas exploration. Such concern was displayed in the summer of 2013 at Balcombe, England in relation to the granting of permission to Cuadrilla to drill a shale gas exploration well within Petroleum and Development Licence (PEDL) 244 at a vertical depth of approximately 3,000 feet with a horizontal leg. Whilst the test well was commenced in August 2013, it was later scaled back due to the prolonged public protest.