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82 results

Page 1 of 5

  • On the Evaluation of Nutrient Pools of Forest Soils

  • Graham R. Thompson, Mark Behan, John Mandzak, Chris Bowen
  • Journal:
    Clays and Clay Minerals / Volume 25 / Issue 6 / December 1977
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 July 2024, pp. 411-416
    • Article
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  • The standard method of assessing the available portion of the nutrient reservoir of a forest soil is to use a neutral salt solution, such as NH4OAc, to extract the exchangeable plus dissolved ions, which are analyzed and considered available. This approach, designed for evaluating nutrients available for the short growth term of agricultural crops, is inadequate for assessing the nutrient pool of forests where tree growth term may reach 100 yr or more.

    Soil nutrient reservoirs were evaluated in two forest soils for K, Na, Ca, Mg and Fe, using an approach based on continuous extraction of the elements and kinetic analyses of the extraction rate curves. The analyses of the curves indicate that K, Na, Ca and Fe are each released at four separateconstant rates, and Mg is released at three separate constant rates. By analogy with similar kinetic studies done on monomineralic layer silicate samples, each separate extraction rate is thought to correspond to a single type of bond site in the soil. Higher extraction rates indicate greater ease of removal and are interpreted as indicating a higher degree of availability relative to the extractant.

    The available K reserves of the Everett soil evaluated by standard methods, compared with annual net K uptake rates of its forest system, indicates growth limiting K deficiency in 12–17 yr. K availability assessed by kinetic analyses indicates about 100 yr supply of K is available.

  • 24 - Fearing Muslims as the other

  • Edited by Erik Jones, European University Institute, Florence and The Johns Hopkins University, Maryland
  • Book:
    European Studies
    Published by:
    Agenda Publishing
    Published online:
    22 December 2023
    Print publication:
    30 April 2020, pp 111-114

  • Summary

    Europe is at its most noble when it strives for respect for all within its borders. The very persistence of the EU shows that such respect can be achieved among states, which is no mean feat given the ghastly past century. The massive migration of Muslims tests whether such respect can be achieved across perceived civilizational divides. Here the jury is out.

    After all, Muslims are Europe’s “perfect enemy”. They evoke the historical schemas of Saladin and Charles Martel, ready to be weaponized when useful. And they are suspected as deep-down radicals, who at the right moment will show their true colors. The problem is not that there are no dangers, but that commentators treat Muslims as essentially the same, as defined by putatively fixed characteristics of their religion.

    Of course, Muslims are not the only targets of what the philosopher Charles Taylor has called “block thinking”. Treating Jews, Roma, Irish, and so forth as “races”, defined by an immutable essence, has long been the basis for everyday discrimination and mass murder. But today Muslims are the main collective target for everyday character assassination. It has become usual for journalists and politicians to slip from using “radical” to “Islamist” to “militant” when writing of those Muslims deemed not to be playing the state’s precise integration game. They do not adapt, and we can never be sure precisely what they think. And there are more specific claims of otherness. One regards children.

    Fearing birth

    Since the carnage of the world wars, repeopling the nation has been a matter of national urgency across Europe. If not enough citizens could be grown quickly enough, then workers would be imported as economic placeholders. But when many of these “workers” came to be seen as “Muslims”, they also became a threat, and not a solution, to the peopling problem.

    Critics claim a visceral demographic threat, that “they” will soon replace “us”, and thereby accomplish by stealth the conquest of Europe first attempted over a millennium ago. The attacks also have both a general and a nation-specific component, corresponding as they do to the particular historical narratives of citizenship in France, Germany, Britain, and so forth.

European States and their Muslim Citizens
  • The Impact of Institutions on Perceptions and Boundaries
  • Edited by John R. Bowen, Christophe Bertossi, Jan Willem Duyvendak, Mona Lena Krook
  • Published online:
    05 October 2013
    Print publication:
    07 October 2013
  • This book responds to the often loud debates about the place of Muslims in Western Europe by proposing an analysis based in institutions, including schools, courts, hospitals, the military, electoral politics, the labor market, and civic education courses. The contributors consider the way people draw on practical schemas regarding others in their midst who are often categorized as Muslims. Chapters based on fieldwork and policy analysis across several countries examine how people interact in their everyday work lives, where they construct moral boundaries, and how they formulate policies concerning tolerable diversity, immigration, discrimination, and political representation. Rather than assuming that each country has its own national ideology that explains such interactions, contributors trace diverse pathways along which institutions complicate or disrupt allegedly consistent national ideologies. These studies shed light on how Muslims encounter particular faces and facets of the state as they go about their lives, seeking help and legitimacy as new citizens of a fast-changing Europe.

A New Anthropology of Islam
  • John R. Bowen
  • Published online:
    05 December 2012
    Print publication:
    02 August 2012
  • In this powerful, but accessible new study, John Bowen draws on a full range of work in social anthropology to present Islam in ways that emphasise its constitutive practices, from praying and learning to judging and political organising. Starting at the heart of Islam - revelation and learning in Arabic lands - Bowen shows how Muslims have adapted Islamic texts and traditions to ideas and conditions in the societies in which they live. Returning to key case studies in Asia, Africa and Western Europe, to explore each major domain of Islamic religious and social life, Bowen also considers the theoretical advances in social anthropology that have come out of the study of Islam. A New Anthropology of Islam is essential reading for all those interested in the study of Islam and for those following new developments in the discipline of anthropology.

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