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71 results

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  • Alcohol milestones and internalizing, externalizing, and executive function: longitudinal and polygenic score associations

  • Sarah E. Paul, David A.A. Baranger, Emma C. Johnson, Joshua J. Jackson, Aaron J. Gorelik, Alex P. Miller, Alexander S. Hatoum, Wesley K. Thompson, Michael Strube, Danielle M. Dick, Chella Kamarajan, John R. Kramer, Martin H. Plawecki, Grace Chan, Andrey P. Anokhin, David B. Chorlian, Sivan Kinreich, Jacquelyn L. Meyers, Bernice Porjesz, Howard J. Edenberg, Arpana Agrawal, Kathleen K. Bucholz, Ryan Bogdan
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 54 / Issue 10 / July 2024
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    09 May 2024, pp. 2644-2657
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  • Background

    Although the link between alcohol involvement and behavioral phenotypes (e.g. impulsivity, negative affect, executive function [EF]) is well-established, the directionality of these associations, specificity to stages of alcohol involvement, and extent of shared genetic liability remain unclear. We estimate longitudinal associations between transitions among alcohol milestones, behavioral phenotypes, and indices of genetic risk.

    Methods

    Data came from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (n = 3681; ages 11–36). Alcohol transitions (first: drink, intoxication, alcohol use disorder [AUD] symptom, AUD diagnosis), internalizing, and externalizing phenotypes came from the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism. EF was measured with the Tower of London and Visual Span Tasks. Polygenic scores (PGS) were computed for alcohol-related and behavioral phenotypes. Cox models estimated associations among PGS, behavior, and alcohol milestones.

    Results

    Externalizing phenotypes (e.g. conduct disorder symptoms) were associated with future initiation and drinking problems (hazard ratio (HR)⩾1.16). Internalizing (e.g. social anxiety) was associated with hazards for progression from first drink to severe AUD (HR⩾1.55). Initiation and AUD were associated with increased hazards for later depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation (HR⩾1.38), and initiation was associated with increased hazards for future conduct symptoms (HR = 1.60). EF was not associated with alcohol transitions. Drinks per week PGS was linked with increased hazards for alcohol transitions (HR⩾1.06). Problematic alcohol use PGS increased hazards for suicidal ideation (HR = 1.20).

    Conclusions

    Behavioral markers of addiction vulnerability precede and follow alcohol transitions, highlighting dynamic, bidirectional relationships between behavior and emerging addiction.

  • Medicine Beneath Your Feet: A Biocultural Examination of the Risks and Benefits of Geophagy

  • Sera L. Young, Joshua D. Miller
  • Journal:
    Clays and Clay Minerals / Volume 67 / Issue 1 / 15 February 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 January 2024, pp. 81-90
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  • Geophagy is the intentional consumption of earth. Although widely documented among vulnerable populations, including children and pregnant women, the causes and consequences of geophagy remain poorly understood. Relevant literature was, therefore, reviewed to describe geophagy across species, geographies, life stages, and disease states. After a brief consideration of hypothesized etiologies, the potential harmful and beneficial consequences of geophagy are described, considering current evidence for each. Data available to date suggest that the greatest potential risks of geophagy include toxicity or heavy metal poisoning, and diseases resulting from consumed clays binding nutrients and beneficial pharmaceuticals in the gut. Evidence also suggests that geophagy may be beneficial by protecting against harmful pathogens and toxins through two distinct physiological pathways. Future research should explore causal relationships between geophagy and iron deficiency, as well as investigate the biological and psychosocial conditions that govern geophagy.

  • Late glacial–Younger Dryas climate in interior Alaska as inferred from the isotope values of land snail shells

  • Catherine B. Nield, Yurena Yanes, Joshua D. Reuther, Daniel R. Muhs, Jeffrey S. Pigati, Joshua H. Miller, Patrick S. Druckenmiller
  • Journal:
    Quaternary Research / Volume 117 / January 2024
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 October 2023, pp. 119-134
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  • The isotope values of fossil snail shells can be important archives of climate. Here, we present the first carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope values of snail shells in interior Alaska to explore changes in vegetation and humidity through the late-glacial period. Snail shell δ13C values were relatively consistent through the late glacial. However, late-glacial shell δ13C values are 2.8‰ higher than those of modern shells. This offset is best explained by the Suess effect and changes in the δ13C values of snail diet. Snail shell δ18O values varied through the late glacial, which can be partially explained by changes in relative humidity (RH). RH during the snail growing period was modeled based on a published flux balance model. Results suggest a dry period toward the beginning of the Bølling–Allerød (~14 ka) followed by two distinct stages of the Younger Dryas, a wetter stage in the early Younger Dryas from 12.9 to 12.3 ka, and subsequent drier stage in the late Younger Dryas between 12.3 and 11.7 ka. The results show that land snail isotopes in high-latitude regions may be used as a supplementary paleoclimate proxy to help clarify complex climate histories, such as those of interior Alaska during the Younger Dryas.

  • Your Honor’s Misdeeds: The Consequences of Judicial Scandal on Specific and Diffuse Support

  • Joshua Boston, Benjamin J. Kassow, Ali S. Masood, David R. Miller
  • Journal:
    PS: Political Science & Politics / Volume 56 / Issue 2 / April 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    13 January 2023, pp. 195-200
    Print publication:
    April 2023
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  • Legitimacy is a bulwark for courts; even when judges engage in controversial or disagreeable behavior, the public tends to acquiesce. Recent studies identify several threats to the legitimacy of courts, including polarization and attacks by political elites. This article contributes to the scholarly discourse by exploring a previously unconsidered threat: scandal, or allegations of personal misbehavior. We argue that scandals can undermine confidence in judges as virtuous arbiters and erode broad public support for the courts. Using survey experiments, we draw on real-world judicial controversies to evaluate the impact of scandal on specific support for judicial actors and their rulings and diffuse support for the judiciary. We demonstrate that scandals erode individual support but find no evidence that institutional support is diminished. These findings may ease normative concerns that isolated indiscretions by controversial jurists may deplete the vast “reservoir of goodwill” that is foundational to the courts.

  • The Effects of Remote Consultation (RC) on Outpatient Clinic Attendance Rates in City Community Mental Health Team (CMHT) and Patient Feedback on RC

  • Ting Miller, Joshua Thomas, Anitha Mukundan
  • Journal:
    BJPsych Open / Volume 8 / Issue S1 / June 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    20 June 2022, p. S139
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  • Aims

    The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 forced a sudden change in service delivery in CMHT. Remote consultations (RC) via telephone or video were introduced to facilitate safe contact between staff and patients. Traditional face to face (F2F) appointments have high rates of non-attendance (DNA). This project aimed to examine whether the DNA rate for CMHT appointments has been affected by the introduction of RC. In addition to this, patients were asked to give feedback about how they felt about the use of RC.

    Methods

    We retrospectively studied the outcome of outpatient medical appointments within City CMHT over two periods, namely pre COVID-19 which was between April to June 2019 and during COVID-19 which corresponded to the same period in 2020. A list of patients over these two periods were extracted from trust electrical medical record: System One (S1). Further review patients’ notes on S1 was conducted to identify DNA group, among which detailed information including gender, age groups, types of outpatient clinics (urgent or routine, first review or follow-up review), types of consultations (remote or F2F).

    In addition, an anonymous patient feedback form on RC was given out to 30 patients attending F2F appointments at the clinic between May and August 2021.

    Results

    94% appointments were conducted remotely in 2020 while 100% were F2F in 2019 during the periods studied. 2020 saw a 16% increase in attendance rate and a nearly half reduction in cancelled appointments from 30% to 16%. There was a slight drop in DNA rate by 2%.

    19 patient feedbacks indicated at least one RC experience. Among them, 47% rated it as very good and 58% felt RC offered the same level of care and treatment as F2F. On the other hand, 74% would like to be seen F2F for future appointments when given a choice.

    Free comments about RC were captured including ‘Not everything gets covered’, ‘it makes me anxious to talk to a medical team over the phone’ and ‘things like bruises could be missed in a RC’. However, one patient said they found RC is less stressful.

    Conclusion

    A massive shift from F2F to RC was seen due to COVID-19 restriction. Attendance rated was improved with RC, however, it was mainly achieved by a significant reduction in cancelled appointments. Its impact on overall DNA rate appeared minuscule.

    Despite nearly half of the patients indicated RC is as good as F2F. Most patients prefer f2f for future consultation.

  • Introduction

  • Edited by Joshua Miller, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Companion to Twenty-First Century American Fiction
    Published online:
    02 September 2021
    Print publication:
    23 September 2021, pp 1-18

  • Summary

    While teaching a course titled “The Literature of Now: 21st Century US Fiction,” I wondered how undergraduates understood the cultural and social dimensions of “now.” We had been focused on literary uses of temporal paradoxes, like those suffusing Ozeki’s narrative in the epigraph above, but our discussions broadened into the question of how we could decide what (and who) were our contemporaries. I improvised an exercise on the first day of my second time teaching the course and asked the class to answer the question, “When did the present literary or cultural era begin?” I anticipated that they would all have similar responses (2000 or 9/11) and that we’d have a predictable conversation about what constrains our definitions of the contemporary moment. To my surprise, only a few of the forty students gave those answers. Their ideas ranged widely across decades (from the 1960s to the 2010s) and historical trends (technology, politics, economics, and social/demographic). Two students cited the Y2K bug hysteria, leading me to wonder how they even knew about that nonevent. Another referenced Civil Rights movements as precursors to Occupy Wall Street, Black Lives Matter, and hashtag activism.

The Cambridge Companion to Twenty-First Century American Fiction
  • Edited by Joshua Miller
  • Published online:
    02 September 2021
    Print publication:
    23 September 2021
  • Reading lists, course syllabi, and prizes include the phrase '21st-century American literature,' but no critical consensus exists regarding when the period began, which works typify it, how to conceptualize its aesthetic priorities, and where its geographical boundaries lie. Considerable criticism has been published on this extraordinary era, but little programmatic analysis has assessed comprehensively the literary and critical/theoretical output to help readers navigate the labyrinth of critical pathways. In addition to ensuring broad coverage of many essential texts, The Cambridge Companion to 21st Century American Fiction offers state-of-the field analyses of contemporary narrative studies that set the terms of current and future research and teaching. Individual chapters illuminate critical engagements with emergent genres and concepts, including flash fiction, speculative fiction, digital fiction, alternative temporalities, Afro-futurism, ecocriticism, transgender/queer studies, anti-carceral fiction, precarity, and post-9/11 fiction.

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