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Globally, mental disorders account for almost 20% of disease burden and there is growing evidence that mental disorders are associated with various social determinants. Tackling the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs), which address known social determinants of mental disorders, may be an effective way to reduce the global burden of mental disorders.
Objectives
To examine the evidence base for interventions that seek to improve mental health through targeting the social determinants of mental disorders.
Methods
We conducted a systematic review of reviews, using a five-domain conceptual framework which aligns with the UN SDGs (PROSPERO registration: CRD42022361534). PubMed, PsycInfo, and Scopus were searched from 01 January 2012 until 05 October 2022. Citation follow-up and expert consultation were used to identify additional studies. Systematic reviews including interventions seeking to change or improve a social determinant of mental disorders were eligible for inclusion. Study screening, selection, data extraction, and quality appraisal were conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The AMSTAR-2 was used to assess included reviews and results were narratively synthesised.
Results
Over 20,000 records were screened, and 101 eligible reviews were included. Most reviews were of low, or critically low, quality. Reviews included interventions which targeted sociocultural (n = 31), economic (n = 24), environmental (n = 19), demographic (n = 15), and neighbourhood (n = 8) determinants of mental disorders. Interventions demonstrating the greatest promise for improved mental health from high and moderate quality reviews (n = 37) included: digital and brief advocacy interventions for female survivors of intimate partner violence; cash transfers for people in low-middle-income countries; improved work schedules, parenting programs, and job clubs in the work environment; psychosocial support programs for vulnerable individuals following environmental events; and social and emotional learning programs for school students. Few effective neighbourhood-level interventions were identified.
Conclusions
This review presents interventions with the strongest evidence base for the prevention of mental disorders and highlights synergies where addressing the UN SDGs can be beneficial for mental health. A range of issues across the literature were identified, including barriers to conducting randomised controlled trials and lack of follow-up limiting the ability to measure long-term mental health outcomes. Interdisciplinary and novel approaches to intervention design, implementation, and evaluation are required to improve the social circumstances and mental health experienced by individuals, communities, and populations.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients are treated via insulin which could result in weight gain. Studies have coined a new term, “Diabulimia” which refers to the limitation or skipping of insulin doses, with the objective of weight control. A previous meta-analysis has found that eating disorders (ED) are significantly associated with T1DM (Mannucci, E et al. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 417-9), while a more recent one, has shown an insignificant association between ED and T1DM on analysis of diabetes-adapted questionnaires only (Young V, et al. Diabet Med. 2013:189-198)
Objectives
We aimed to re-analyze the association between ED and T1DM, whilst taking into account recently published literature and the type of questionnaire utilized.
Methods
A literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted on 17th January 2023, using the key terms “ T1DM”, “Eating Disorders”, and “ Bulimia”. Only Observational controlled studies were included.
Results
T1DM was associated with increased risk of ED compared to non-diabetic individuals (RR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.84 to 3.32, p-value < 0.00001), especially bulimia nervosa (RR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.18 to 6.65, p-value = 0.02) and binge eating (RR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.18 to 1.98, p-value = 0.001), while no significant association was seen between T1DM and anorexia nervosa. Our sensitivity analysis has shown that increased risk of ED among T1DM persisted regardless of the questionnaire used to diagnose ED; DM-validated questionnaires (RR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.91 to 4.12, p-value <0.00001) and generic questionnaires (RR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.27 to 3.23, p-value = 0.003). Furthermore, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT) showed a significant increase in the dieting subscale (MD = 2.95, 95% CI = 1.84 to 4.06, p-value < 0.00001) and bulimia subscale (MD = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.12 to 1.44, p-value = 0.02) among T1DM patients. Additionally, the Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburg (BITE) showed a significant increase in the symptom subscale (MD = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.12 to 0.50, p-value = 0.001), however, no significant difference was detected between T1DM and controls in the severity subscale. Prevalence of insulin omission/misuse was 10.3% (95% CI = 8.1-13); diabetic females demonstrated significantly higher risk of insulin omission (RR = 14.21, 95% CI = 2.66 to 76.04, p-value = 0.002) and insulin misuse (RR = 6.51, 95% CI = 1.14 to 37.31, p-value = 0.04) compared with diabetic males. Analysis of other potentially unhealthy weight control behaviors showed insignificant associations between fasting, excessive exercise, dieting pills misuse, diuretics misuse, and T1DM.
Conclusions
T1DM patients are at higher risk of developing ED according to both generic and diabetes-validated questionnaires. Moreover, female diabetics are at higher risk of insulin misuse/omission. Subsequently, patients should be regularly screened and early psychiatric management is warranted.
Weed resistance to herbicides has increased exponentially during the past 30 to 40 yr, consequently reducing the number of effective products available to control certain species and populations. Future efforts should target not only the discovery of new protein binding sites and the development of new molecules, but also the revival of old molecules with reduced efficacy due to widespread herbicide resistance. The addition of herbicide synergists that inhibit metabolic pathways or enhance intrinsic plant stress is a possible solution to ameliorate the negative effects caused by the lack of new herbicide chemistries. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes are involved with numerous herbicide detoxification reactions and plant stress responses. This review approaches the potential use of natural and synthetic GST inhibitors to enhance herbicidal activity or induce crop safety to provide effective, sustainable weed management strategies in the future.
If anilinium ions are intercalated into Llano vermiculite, the stacking order of adjacent silicate layers is increased, resulting in a relatively sharp single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. The packing of intercalated organic members forms a superstructure and produces bonding from layer to layer which favors the stacking order. Superlattice reflections occur which, although sharp in the a*b* plane, are streaked along c*. Apparently there is little coherence between adjacent layers of ordered organic units.
A three-dimensional set of XRD reflections for a triclinic sub-cell having the following lattice parameters was measured: a = 5.326(3), b = 9.264(4), c = 14.82(5) Å, α = 90.31(7), β = 96.70(6), and γ = 89.55(5)°. In this unit cell (symmetry Cl), ditrigonal cavities in adjacent silicate layers are approximately opposite. Differential Fourier analyses and least-squares refinements showed that the principal axes of the anilinium ions, i.e., N-C(1)-C(4), are nearly perpendicular to the silicate layers. The planes of the aromatic rings, however, are about ±30° to X, neither parallel nor perpendicular to that direction, as indicated by earlier studies.
Inorganic cations and water molecules are also present in the interlayer; the former and some of the latter occupy sites near the middle of the layer. Anilinium-rich and anilinium-poor domains coexist. In the latter, the cation-water system predominates and apparently conforms to the superstructure. Although the cation-water structure could not be uniquely established from the reflections produced by the sub-cell, possible positional coordinates were obtained. From structural data for the silicate layers, no evidence was found for long-range Si/Al ordering in the tetrahedral sites.
Construction of predictive algorithms of concussion symptom recovery at 4 and 12 weeks post-injury using an evidence-based assessment (EBA) model to guide clinical decision-making, extending the 2016 5P decision rule.
Participants and Methods:
Children and adolescents, ages 8-18 (n=1,551; mean age=12.78; 62% male), followed over 12 weeks in the prospective multicenter cohort study (Predicting Persistent Post-Concussive Problems in Pediatrics, 5P; Zemek et al., 2016). The age-specific PostConcussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI) (8-12, 17 items; 1318 years, 20 items) was completed at six timepoints from the ED and at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12-weeks post-injury. Logistic regression analysis was applied to the set of key variables including the PCSI Total Retrospective-Adjusted PostInjury Difference (RAPID) scores, patient demographics and pre-injury history, and injury characteristics to predict participant recovery status (Recovered, Not Recovered) at the 4- and 12-week endpoints. The resulting recovery-predictive equations identified the significant sets of variables with symptom scores at four successive post-injury timepoints (ED, 1, 2, 4 weeks). Logistic Regression Threshold values were established at the 90th CI against which individual patient data was applied to determine recovery status. Participants with sub-threshold sums were deemed recovered at the target endpoint (4- or 12-weeks post-injury).
Results:
A total of 19 predictive equations were generated for the two age groups across the recovery timeline. Four sets of equations were developed to predict symptom recovery status at 4-weeks post-injury for the two age groups (8-12 AUC=0.679-0.884; 13-18 AUC=0.752-0.909). Prediction of symptom recovery status at 12-weeks post-injury yielded six equations for the 8-12 age group (AUC=0.723-0.825), and five equations for the 13-18 age group (AUC=0.724-0.887). Total PCSI RAPID score was identified as a significant variable in each of these 19 equations. Participant sex was identified as significant in 18 of the 19 constructed equations. Other variables that were identified as significant at varying timepoints included age, pre-injury history of learning disability and migraines, and an early post-injury sign in the ED (answering questions more slowly than usual). Examples of the equations include: Week 1 predicting symptom recovery status at 4-weeks: 8-12 yr group-(Sex*.802)+(week 1 Total RAPID Score*.142)+(Age2* .053)+(-3.851) with AUC=0.808; 13-18 yr group-(Sex*.980)+(Week 1 Total RAPID Score*.071)+(-3.261) with AUC=0.861.
Conclusions:
Clinicians’ management of the concussion recovery of children and adolescents can benefit from EBA guidance. The 5P dataset (Zemek et al., 2016) provides an important window into “typical” and “atypical” recovery trajectories, establishing an initial predictive decision rule for a 4-week recovery endpoint, at the ED timepoint only, reporting AUC=0.69. The current study extends the prediction modeling using successive post-injury timepoints reflecting a typical management timeline. Symptom reports from both 1- and 2-weeks post injury with patient demographics/ history predicted symptom recovery status at 4- and 12-weeks post-injury, significantly improve predictive accuracy over the ED timepoint alone. These predictive equations, when applied to the individual patient, can serve to assist the clinician’s understanding of the patients’ recovery trajectory, i.e., on track for a typical or atypical recovery, further informing the intervention strategy.
The herbicides that inhibit very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) elongases are primarily used for residual weed control in corn, barley, oat, sorghum, soybean, sugarcane, certain vegetable crops, and wheat production fields in the United States. They act primarily by inhibiting shoot development of susceptible species, preventing weed emergence and growth. The objectives of this review were to summarize 1) the chemical family of VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides and their use in the United States, 2) the VLCFA biosynthesis in plants and their site of action, 3) VLCFA-inhibitor resistant weeds and their mechanism of resistance, and 4) the future of VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides. After their reclassification as Group 15 herbicides to include shoot growth-inhibiting herbicides (Group 8), the VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides are currently represented by eight chemical families (benzofurans, thiocarbamates, α-chloroacetamides, α-oxyacetamides, azolyl-carboxamides, isoxazolines, α-thioacetamides, and oxiranes). On average, VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides are applied once a year to both corn and soybean crops in the United States with acetochlor and S-metolachlor being the most used VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides in corn and soybean production, respectively. The site of action of Group 15 herbicides results from inhibition of the VLCFA synthase, which is encoded by several fatty acid elongase (FAE1)-like genes in VLCFA elongase complex in an endoplasmic reticulum. The VLCFA synthase is a condensing enzyme, and relies on a conserved, reactive cysteinyl sulfur in its active site that performs a nucleophilic attack on either the natural substrate (fatty acyl-CoA) or the herbicide. As of August 2023, 13 weed species have been documented to be resistant to VLCFA inhibitors, including 11 monocot weeds and two dicot weeds (Palmer amaranth and waterhemp). The isoxazolines (pyroxasulfone and fenoxasulfone) are the most recently (2014) discovered VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides. Although the intensity of VLCFA-inhibitor-directed discovery efforts has decreased over the past decade, this biochemical pathway remains a viable mechanistic target for the discovery of herbicide premixes and a valuable component of them.
Improving the quality and conduct of multi-center clinical trials is essential to the generation of generalizable knowledge about the safety and efficacy of healthcare treatments. Despite significant effort and expense, many clinical trials are unsuccessful. The National Center for Advancing Translational Science launched the Trial Innovation Network to address critical roadblocks in multi-center trials by leveraging existing infrastructure and developing operational innovations. We provide an overview of the roadblocks that led to opportunities for operational innovation, our work to develop, define, and map innovations across the network, and how we implemented and disseminated mature innovations.
Effective supply chain management is a critical pillar of well-functioning health systems ensuring that medical commodities reach those in need. In Liberia, the national neglected tropical disease (NTD) programme supports health systems strengthening for case management of NTDs. Integration of NTD commodities into the national health system supply chain is central to the integrated approach; however, there is minimal evidence on enablers and barriers. Drawing on qualitative evaluation data, we illustrate that perceived benefits and strengths to integrating NTD commodities into the supply chain include leveraged storage and management capacities capitalized at lower system levels; the political will to integrate based on cost-saving and capacity strengthening potential and positive progress integrating paper-based reporting tools. Challenges remain, specifically the risk of reliance on donor funding; difficulty in accessing commodities due to bureaucratic bottlenecks; lack of inclusion of NTD commodities within electronic data tools and poor coordination leading to an inability to meet demand. Collectively, the negative consequences of ineffective integration of NTD commodities into the supply chain has a detrimental impact on health workers (including community health workers) unable to deliver the quality of care to patients. Trust between affected populations and the health system is compromised when treatments are unavailable.
One challenge for multisite clinical trials is ensuring that the conditions of an informative trial are incorporated into all aspects of trial planning and execution. The multicenter model can provide the potential for a more informative environment, but it can also place a trial at risk of becoming uninformative due to lack of rigor, quality control, or effective recruitment, resulting in premature discontinuation and/or non-publication. Key factors that support informativeness are having the right team and resources during study planning and implementation and adequate funding to support performance activities. This communication draws on the experience of the National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS) Trial Innovation Network (TIN) to develop approaches for enhancing the informativeness of clinical trials. We distilled this information into three principles: (1) assemble a diverse team, (2) leverage existing processes and systems, and (3) carefully consider budgets and contracts. The TIN, comprised of NCATS, three Trial Innovation Centers, a Recruitment Innovation Center, and 60+ CTSA Program hubs, provides resources to investigators who are proposing multicenter collaborations. In addition to sharing principles that support the informativeness of clinical trials, we highlight TIN-developed resources relevant for multicenter trial initiation and conduct.
Human approach tests are generally accepted as valid measures of the human-animal relationship and hence are widely included in on-farm welfare assessment protocols. Most measures of avoidance response to human approach in production animals have been developed and tested under experimental conditions rather than on commercial farms, thereby making the results less relevant for operational on-farm animal welfare assessment. By contrast, the current study was conducted on calves in their home pens. On 110 Norwegian dairy farms, 548 group-housed calves (aged 22-288 days) were tested individually for their behavioural response to an unfamiliar human approach by a single test person. To conduct the test, the respective calf manager administered concentrates to the manger, followed by the test person who approached each animal in turn in a standardised manner. The avoidance response of the individual calf was categorised as 0 to 5 (maximal to no avoidance) in reaction to an attempted approach and head touch by the test person. The statistical analyses showed that heifer calves were more avoidant compared to bull calves, as were younger bulls compared to older bulls, and that overall avoidance increased in calves that were not tested first.
The aim of the current study was to explore the effect of gender, age at onset, and duration on the long-term course of schizophrenia.
Methods
Twenty-nine centers from 25 countries representing all continents participated in the study that included 2358 patients aged 37.21 ± 11.87 years with a DSM-IV or DSM-5 diagnosis of schizophrenia; the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale as well as relevant clinicodemographic data were gathered. Analysis of variance and analysis of covariance were used, and the methodology corrected for the presence of potentially confounding effects.
Results
There was a 3-year later age at onset for females (P < .001) and lower rates of negative symptoms (P < .01) and higher depression/anxiety measures (P < .05) at some stages. The age at onset manifested a distribution with a single peak for both genders with a tendency of patients with younger onset having slower advancement through illness stages (P = .001). No significant effects were found concerning duration of illness.
Discussion
Our results confirmed a later onset and a possibly more benign course and outcome in females. Age at onset manifested a single peak in both genders, and surprisingly, earlier onset was related to a slower progression of the illness. No effect of duration has been detected. These results are partially in accord with the literature, but they also differ as a consequence of the different starting point of our methodology (a novel staging model), which in our opinion precluded the impact of confounding effects. Future research should focus on the therapeutic policy and implications of these results in more representative samples.
This chapter applies a developmental approach to understand how intergroup processes shape the emergence of retaliatory motives and behaviors among youth growing up in contexts of protracted intergroup conflict, drawing on research examples from Israel-Palestine, Northern Ireland, and Vukovar, Croatia. Across these conflict-affected societies, reasoning around revenge may be influenced by both personal and collective victimization. As part of the cycle of violence, youth may be motivated to engage in tit-for-tat acts of retaliation through direct exposure to political violence, social identification with conflict-related groups and group norms. Family and broader societal processes may further reinforce desires for revenge by transmitting narratives of ethnic socialization and historic group suffering. Children and adolescents may display variation in intensities of retaliatory behaviors, such as aggression and discrimination, which can contribute to the maintenance of intergroup hostilities across generations. The chapter integrates learnings from the three cases and offers recommendations for peacebuilding interventions.
The COVID-19 pandemic prompted the development and implementation of hundreds of clinical trials across the USA. The Trial Innovation Network (TIN), funded by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, was an established clinical research network that pivoted to respond to the pandemic.
Methods:
The TIN’s three Trial Innovation Centers, Recruitment Innovation Center, and 66 Clinical and Translational Science Award Hub institutions, collaborated to adapt to the pandemic’s rapidly changing landscape, playing central roles in the planning and execution of pivotal studies addressing COVID-19. Our objective was to summarize the results of these collaborations and lessons learned.
Results:
The TIN provided 29 COVID-related consults between March 2020 and December 2020, including 6 trial participation expressions of interest and 8 community engagement studios from the Recruitment Innovation Center. Key lessons learned from these experiences include the benefits of leveraging an established infrastructure, innovations surrounding remote research activities, data harmonization and central safety reviews, and early community engagement and involvement.
Conclusions:
Our experience highlighted the benefits and challenges of a multi-institutional approach to clinical research during a pandemic.
Advanced imaging techniques are enhancing research capacity focussed on the developmental origins of adult health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, and consequently increasing awareness of future health risks across various subareas of DOHaD research themes. Understanding how these advanced imaging techniques in animal models and human population studies can be both additively and synergistically used alongside traditional techniques in DOHaD-focussed laboratories is therefore of great interest. Global experts in advanced imaging techniques congregated at the advanced imaging workshop at the 2019 DOHaD World Congress in Melbourne, Australia. This review summarizes the presentations of new imaging modalities and novel applications to DOHaD research and discussions had by DOHaD researchers that are currently utilizing advanced imaging techniques including MRI, hyperpolarized MRI, ultrasound, and synchrotron-based techniques to aid their DOHaD research focus.
The aims of this study were to evaluate changes in inflammatory and oxidative stress levels following treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or mitochondrial-enhancing agents (CT), and to assess the how these changes may predict and/or moderate clinical outcomes primarily the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS).
Methods:
This study involved secondary analysis of a placebo-controlled randomised trial (n = 163). Serum samples were collected at baseline and week 16 of the clinical trial to determine changes in Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) following adjunctive CT and/or NAC treatment, and to explore the predictability of the outcome or moderator effects of these markers.
Results:
In the NAC-treated group, no difference was observed in serum IL-6 and TAC levels after 16 weeks of treatment with NAC or CT. However, results from a moderator analysis showed that in the CT group, lower IL-6 levels at baseline was a significant moderator of MADRS χ2 (df) = 4.90, p = 0.027) and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I, χ2 (df) = 6.28 p = 0.012). In addition, IL-6 was a non-specific but significant predictor of functioning (based on the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS)), indicating that individuals with higher IL-6 levels at baseline had a greater improvement on SOFAS regardless of their treatment (p = 0.023).
Conclusion:
Participants with lower IL-6 levels at baseline had a better response to the adjunctive treatment with the mitochondrial-enhancing agents in terms of improvements in MADRS and CGI-I outcomes.
The aim of the current study was to explore the changing interrelationships among clinical variables through the stages of schizophrenia in order to assemble a comprehensive and meaningful disease model.
Methods
Twenty-nine centers from 25 countries participated and included 2358 patients aged 37.21 ± 11.87 years with schizophrenia. Multiple linear regression analysis and visual inspection of plots were performed.
Results
The results suggest that with progression stages, there are changing correlations among Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale factors at each stage and each factor correlates with all the others in that particular stage, in which this factor is dominant. This internal structure further supports the validity of an already proposed four stages model, with positive symptoms dominating the first stage, excitement/hostility the second, depression the third, and neurocognitive decline the last stage.
Conclusions
The current study investigated the mental organization and functioning in patients with schizophrenia in relation to different stages of illness progression. It revealed two distinct “cores” of schizophrenia, the “Positive” and the “Negative,” while neurocognitive decline escalates during the later stages. Future research should focus on the therapeutic implications of such a model. Stopping the progress of the illness could demand to stop the succession of stages. This could be achieved not only by both halting the triggering effect of positive and negative symptoms, but also by stopping the sensitization effect on the neural pathways responsible for the development of hostility, excitement, anxiety, and depression as well as the deleterious effect on neural networks responsible for neurocognition.
Studies investigating the relationship between n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels and psychiatric disorders have thus far focused mainly on analyzing gray matter, rather than white matter, in the postmortem brain. In this study, we investigated whether PUFA levels showed abnormalities in the corpus callosum, the largest area of white matter, in the postmortem brain tissue of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder.
Methods
Fatty acids in the phospholipids of the postmortem corpus callosum were evaluated by thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography. Specimens were evaluated for patients with schizophrenia (n = 15), bipolar disorder (n = 15), or major depressive disorder (n = 15) and compared with unaffected controls (n = 15).
Results
In contrast to some previous studies, no significant differences were found in the levels of PUFAs or other fatty acids in the corpus callosum between patients and controls. A subanalysis by sex gave the same results. No significant differences were found in any PUFAs between suicide completers and non-suicide cases regardless of psychiatric disorder diagnosis.
Conclusions
Patients with psychiatric disorders did not exhibit n-3 PUFAs deficits in the postmortem corpus callosum relative to the unaffected controls, and the corpus callosum might not be involved in abnormalities of PUFA metabolism. This area of research is still at an early stage and requires further investigation.
Consistent with pathophysiological models of psychosis, temporal disturbances in schizophrenia spectrum populations may reflect abnormal cortical (e.g. prefrontal cortex) and subcortical (e.g. striatum) cerebellar connectivity. However, few studies have examined associations between cerebellar connectivity and timing dysfunction in psychosis populations, and none have been conducted in youth at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis. Thus, it is currently unknown if impairments in temporal processes are present in CHR youth or how they may be associated with cerebellar connectivity and worsening of symptoms.
Methods
A total of 108 (56 CHR/52 controls) youth were administered an auditory temporal bisection task along with a resting state imaging scan to examine cerebellar resting state connectivity. Positive and negative symptoms at baseline and 12 months later were also quantified.
Results
Controlling for alcohol and cannabis use, CHR youth exhibited poorer temporal accuracy compared to controls, and temporal accuracy deficits were associated with abnormal connectivity between the bilateral anterior cerebellum and a right caudate/nucleus accumbens striatal cluster. Poor temporal accuracy accounted for 11% of the variance in worsening of negative symptoms over 12 months.
Conclusions
Behavioral findings suggest CHR youth perceive durations of auditory tones as shortened compared to objective time, which may indicate a slower internal clock. Poorer temporal accuracy in CHR youth was associated with abnormalities in brain regions involved in an important cerebellar network implicated in prominent pathophysiological models of psychosis. Lastly, temporal accuracy was associated with worsening of negative symptoms across 12 months, suggesting temporal dysfunction may be sensitive to illness progression.
At GE Research, we are combining “physics” with artificial intelligence and machine learning to advance manufacturing design, processing, and inspection, turning innovative technologies into real products and solutions across our industrial portfolio. This article provides a snapshot of how this physical plus digital transformation is evolving at GE.
Several grass and broadleaf weed species around the world have evolved multiple-herbicide resistance at alarmingly increasing rates. Research on the biochemical and molecular resistance mechanisms of multiple-resistant weed populations indicate a prevalence of herbicide metabolism catalyzed by enzyme systems such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and glutathione S-transferases and, to a lesser extent, by glucosyl transferases. A symposium was conducted to gain an understanding of the current state of research on metabolic resistance mechanisms in weed species that pose major management problems around the world. These topics, as well as future directions of investigations that were identified in the symposium, are summarized herein. In addition, the latest information on selected topics such as the role of safeners in inducing crop tolerance to herbicides, selectivity to clomazone, glyphosate metabolism in crops and weeds, and bioactivation of natural molecules is reviewed.