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Previously the GABA(A) receptor beta-2 subunit gene GABRB2 was found to be associated with schizophrenia (SCZ). for SNPs and haplotypes in GRBRB2, the associations with bipolar disorder (BPD), the functional consequences on GABRB2 expression and their relationship to demographic and clinical characteristics in BPD and SCZ remain to be elucidated.
Method:
Case-control analysis was performed for association study of GABRB2 with BPD, and its mRNA expression in postmortem BPD brains was examined using quantitative real-time PCR. Quantitative trait analysis was subsequently employed to assess the covariate effects of demographic and clinical characteristics on genotypic correlation of GABRB2 expression in SCZ and BPD.
Results:
Significant association of GABRB2 with BPD and reduction in GABRB2 mRNA expression in BPD brains were observed in the present study. Duration of illness (DOI) was found to be a significant covariate for the correlation of the disease-associated SNPs rs1816071, rs1816072 and rs187269 with GABRB2 expression in both SCZ and BPD. for individuals with homozygous major genotypes of these SNPs, while GABRB2 expression increased with age in the controls, it decreased with DOI and age in SCZ, and with DOI in BPD. with age of onset as covariate, these three SNPs were significantly correlated with antipsychotic dosage in SCZ.
Conclusion:
These results have thus revealed correlations of GABRB2 SNPs and expression not only with the occurrence of SCZ and BPD, but also with the clinical characteristics of patients, therefore providing support for a shared etiological role played by the gene in both diseases.
During the early stage of an epidemic, timely and reliable estimation of the severity of infections are important for predicting the impact that the influenza viruses will have in the population. We obtained age-specific deaths and hospitalizations for patients with laboratory-confirmed H1N1pdm09 infections from June 2009 to December 2009 in Hong Kong. We retrospectively obtained the real-time estimates of the hospitalization fatality risk (HFR), using crude estimation or allowing for right-censoring for final status in some patients. Models accounting for right-censoring performed better than models without adjustments. The risk of deaths in hospitalized patients with confirmed H1N1pdm09 increased with age. Reliable estimates of the HFR could be obtained before the peak of the first wave of H1N1pdm09 in young and middle-aged adults but after the peak in the elderly. In the next influenza pandemic, timely estimation of the HFR will contribute to risk assessment and disease control.
Mental disorders may increase the risk of physical violence among married couples.
Aims
To estimate associations between premarital mental disorders and marital violence in a cross-national sample of married couples.
Method
A total of 1821 married couples (3642 individuals) from 11 countries were interviewed as part of the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Sixteen mental disorders with onset prior to marriage were examined as predictors of marital violence reported by either spouse.
Results
Any physical violence was reported by one or both spouses in 20% of couples, and was associated with husbands' externalising disorders (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.2–2.3). Overall, the population attributable risk for marital violence related to premarital mental disorders was estimated to be 17.2%.
Conclusions
Husbands' externalising disorders had a modest but consistent association with marital violence across diverse countries. This finding has implications for the development of targeted interventions to reduce risk of marital violence.
We conducted a 31-month retrospective review of all laboratory-confirmed Streptococcus suis infections admitted to public hospitals in Hong Kong. Strain identification, serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted on S. suis isolates. Twenty-one sporadic cases were identified, comprising 18 (86%) males and 3 (14%) females. About half were patients aged ⩾65 years. More cases occurred during summer. Occupational exposure was documented in five (24%) cases. The estimated annual incidence was 0·09/100 000 in the general population and 32/100 000 in people with occupational exposure to pigs and raw pork. The primary clinical manifestations were meningitis (48%), septicaemia (38%) and endocarditis (14%). The case-fatality rate was 5%. All available isolates from 15 patients were serotype 2, sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, but resistant to tetracycline. Injury prevention and proper handling of pigs or raw pork should be advocated to both at-risk occupational groups and the general population.
This paper considers a structure, named a ‘random partition process’, which is a generalisation of a random tessellation. The cells, possibly multi-part and with holes, have a general topology summarised by the Euler characteristic. Vertices of all orders are allowed. Using the tools of ergodic theory, all of the formulae, from the traditional theory of random tessellations with convex cells, are generalised. Some motivating examples are given.
A marked resonance enhancement of the 3d photoemission intensity in angle-integrated electron-distribution curves from Ni3Al has been observed 6.6 eV below the Fermi level for photon energies in the vicinity of the Ni 2p absorption threshold. Soft x-ray L-edge absorption spectra were measured to determine the Ni 2p excitation threshold. The Fano asymmetry parameter and the effective Coulomb interaction for Ni3Al are 2.2 and 4.8 eV, respectively, as derived from the experimental data. Differences between the 2p→3d and the 3p→3d resonance effect are discussed, and comparisons with Ni, NiAl, and NiGa are made.
Consider a forest of maple trees in autumn, with leaves falling on the ground. Those coming late cover the others below, so eventually the fallen leaves form a statistically homogeneous spatial pattern. In particular, the uncovered leaf boundaries form a mosaic. We formulate a mathematical model to describe this mosaic, firstly in the case where the leaves are polygonal and later for leaves with curved boundaries. Mean values of certain statistics of the mosaic are derived.
A 40-year-old woman presented with a nodule over the tragus of the right ear. A biopsy was initially reported as showing non-specific inflammation. In view of the persistence of the lesion, the histological material was reviewed, leading to revision of the diagnosis to Rosai-Dorfman disease, a diagnosis further confirmed by immunoreactivity of the histiocytes for s-100 protein. This case represented the extranodal form of Rosai-Dorfman disease in the absence of lymph node involvement.
Synchrotron photoemission measurements of the Si(2p) and N(ls) levels have been made on Si3N4 thin films grown in-situ by high temperature reaction of Si(100) with NH3. The tunability of the excitation photons allowed the mean-free-path of the emitted photoelectrons to be varied, thereby providing the capability to determine not only the types of chemical species present, but their location within the film as well. The structure of these films consists of an outer monolayer (ML) of Si atoms on top of stoichiometric Si3N4. In addition, there are a smaller number (1/2 ML) of Si atoms with intermediate oxidation states at the Si3N4/Si interface.
The OH− and OD− vibrational frequencies in stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric MgAl2O4 were measured. The nonstoichiometric material had a Al/Mg ratio of 7. The diffusion coefficient of deuterons in the nonstoichiometric material at 1600 K is about 6 ± 3 ⊠ 10−8 cm2/s. Deuterons can readily be swept out by applying an electric field at temperatures above 1000 K.
The electrical conduction mechanisms in MgO:Ni with Pt electrodes at 1473 K are studied over electric field ranges up to ∼10 kV/cm. The current transients induced by pulsed changes of the applied voltage as well as transient shortcircuit currents have been measured and analyzed to yield two electron hole recombination lifetimes of 10 and 250 s. The main features of the results are consistent with the double injection model of the electrical breakdown of MgO at high temperatures.
Defect and impurity valence changes induced by γ irradiation of nickel- doped MgO crystals are studied using magnetic resonance and optical techniques.
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