Subtle behavioral and cognitive symptoms precede schizophrenia (SCZ) and appear in individuals with elevated risk based on polygenic risk scores (SCZ-PRS) and family history of psychosis (SCZ-FH). However, most SCZ-PRS studies focus on European ancestry youth, limiting generalizability. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether SCZ-FH reflects common-variant polygenic risk or broader SCZ liability.

Using baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, we investigated associations of SCZ-FH and SCZ-PRS with cognitive, behavioral, and emotional measures from NIH-Toolbox, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSADS) for 9,636 children (mean age = 9.92 yrs, 47.4% female), specifically, 5,636 European, 2,093 African, and 1,477 Admixed American ancestry individuals.

SCZ-FH was associated with SCZ-PRS (b = 0.05, FDR-p = 0.02) and subthreshold psychotic symptoms (b = 0.46, FDR-p = 0.01) in European youth, higher CBCL scores (b range = 0.36–0.6, FDR-p < 0.001), and higher odds of multiple internalizing and externalizing disorders (OR = 1.10–1.22, FDR-p < 0.001) across ancestries. SCZ-PRS was associated with lower cognition across ancestries (b = −0.43, FDR-p = 0.02), higher CBCL total problems, anxious/depressed, rule-breaking and aggressive behaviors in European youth (b range = 0.16–0.33, FDR-p < 0.04), and depressive disorders in Admixed American youth (OR = 1.37, FDR-p = 0.02). Results remained consistent when SCZ-PRS and SCZ-FH were jointly modeled. Some SCZ-FH associations weakened when income-to-needs was accounted for, suggesting that SCZ-FH may capture both genetic and environmental influences.

SCZ-FH showed associations with broad psychopathology, while SCZ-PRS was associated with cognition and specific symptoms in European youth. Findings highlight their complementary role in SCZ risk assessment and the need to improve PRS utility across ancestries.

An ongoing challenge in understanding and treating personality disorders (PDs) is a significant heterogeneity in disorder expression, stemming from variability in underlying dynamic processes. These processes are commonly discussed in clinical settings, but are rarely empirically studied due to their personalized, temporal nature. The goal of the current study was to combine intensive longitudinal data collection with person-specific temporal network models to produce individualized symptom-level structures of personality pathology. These structures were then linked to traditional PD diagnoses and stress (to index daily functioning).

Using about 100 daily assessments of internalizing and externalizing domains underlying PDs (i.e. negative affect, detachment, impulsivity, hostility), a temporal network mapping approach (i.e. group iterative multiple model estimation) was used to create person-specific networks of the temporal relations among domains for 91 individuals (62.6% female) with a PD. Network characteristics were then associated with traditional PD symptomatology (controlling for mean domain levels) and with daily variation in clinically-relevant phenomena (i.e. stress).

Features of the person-specific networks predicted paranoid, borderline, narcissistic, and obsessive-PD symptom counts above average levels of the domains, in ways that align with clinical conceptualizations. They also predicted between-person variation in stress across days.

Relations among behavioral domains thought to underlie heterogeneity in PDs were indeed associated with traditional diagnostic constructs and with daily functioning (i.e. stress) in person-specific networks. Findings highlight the importance of leveraging data and models that capture person-specific, dynamic processes, and suggest that person-specific networks may have implications for precision medicine.

In the United States, cannabis accessibility has continued to rise as the perception of its harmfulness has decreased. Only about 30% of regular cannabis users develop cannabis use disorder (CUD), but it is unclear if individuals who use cannabis regularly without ever developing CUD experience notable psychosocial impairment across the lifespan. Therefore, psychosocial functioning was compared across regular cannabis users with or without CUD and a non-user control group during adolescence (age 17; early risk) and young adulthood (ages 18–25; peak CUD prevalence).

Weekly cannabis users with CUD (n = 311), weekly users without CUD (n = 111), and non-users (n = 996) were identified in the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Groups were compared on alcohol and illicit drug use, psychiatric problems, personality, and social functioning at age 17 and from ages 18 to 25. Self-reported cannabis use and problem use were independently verified using co-twin informant report.

In both adolescence and young adulthood, non-CUD users reported significantly higher levels of substance use problems and externalizing behaviors than non-users, but lower levels than CUD users. High agreement between self- and co-twin informant reports confirmed the validity of self-reported cannabis use problems.

Even in the absence of CUD, regular cannabis use was associated with psychosocial impairment in adolescence and young adulthood. However, regular users with CUD endorsed especially high psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial impairment. The need for early prevention and intervention – regardless of CUD status – was highlighted by the presence of these patterns in adolescence.