In the 1930s, Walter Benjamin described Paris as ‘the capital of the nineteenth century’, the hub of cultural transformations precipitated by the rise of industrial capitalism. For good reasons, Jewish historians have followed suit in identifying Paris as the focal point for studies of political, social, cultural, demographic and economic change in France during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Moreover, native French Jewish religious and cultural administrative structures, implemented during Napoleon I's reign and further entrenched by reforms in the Third Republic, are centred in Paris. These conditions have rendered an abundance of source material documenting the rest of the country from the centre, a phenomenon that places even more weight on the capital as a locus for national processes that occur in its image.

This paper presents an overview of the first broad coverage grammatical description of Danish in a Typed Feature Structure (TFS) based unification formalism inspired by HPSG. These linguistic specifications encompass phenomena within inflectional morphology, phrase structure and predicate argument structure, and have been developed with a view to implementation. The emphasis on implementability and re-usability of the specifications has led to the adoption of a rather leaner formal framework than that underlying HPSG. However, the paper shows that the adoption of such a framework does not lead to a loss of expressibility, but in fact enables certain phenomena, such as the interface between morphology and syntax and local discontinuities, to be treated in a simple and elegant fashion.

One of the commonest grasses found in hedges and thickets in this country, more especially on the lighter soils, is the Tall Oat Grass (Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Beauvais). In meadows it is generally present, abundantly on some soils, while occasionally it forms part of the “seeds” mixture put down for temporary or permanent pasture. In some localities a form of this grass known as “Onion Couch” becomes a dangerous weed on the arable land—this plant is identical in outward appearance with the Tall Oat Grass except at the base of the stems where the nodes swell and form chains of bulbs each of which is capable of breaking off and giving rise to a new plant. This habit of growth together with a liberal supply of seeds formed in June and July make it a very difficult weed to eradicate. Its occurrence is usually reported from the lighter soils, but in the West of England the heavy land is equally badly affected.

A sol-gel derived organosilica material that energetically swells when exposed to organic molecules was tested as a means to extract dissolved organic species from water. Swellable organically modified silica (SOMS) was demonstrated to be effective at removing butanol, methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, ethanol, and toluene from lab grade water, salt water, and natural waters. Partition coefficients for the absorption of organic species from water by SOMS ranged from 2.8�105 – 1.0�102, and vary depending on polarity of the contaminant, concentration, and the total mass of contaminant absorbed. Absorption of organic species to SOMS appears to be enhanced by matrix expansion of nanometer sized pores leading to non-selective capture of organics beyond what could be attributed to physisorption.

We appreciate the effort and thought that Stewart-Oaten (2008) has put into his comment on our paper in Environmental Conservation (Bulleri et al. 2007). Clearly, the philosophical and methodological approaches used in ecological impact assessments (EIAs) warrant much further attention and discussion by ecologists. We would like, however, to clarify that the goals of our comment were far from summarizing available procedures and, even more, from expressing an opinion about which among these should be retained or rejected. This is quite well reflected by the contents of our paper (Bulleri et al. 2007). Our ‘main purpose’ (to quote Stewart-Oaten 2008) was to point out that the degree of naturalness of a site is irrelevant to whether or not some proposed disturbance causes an impact and that all disturbances potentially cause negative impacts.

The Derm Imaging Center uses various light and electron microscopic techniques to determine meaningful morphologic differences in skin samples received from multiple investigators. Qualitative comparisons required laborious hand measurements, which, in time gave way to computer assisted image capture, enhancement and analysis. The ability to attach a numerical value to a morphologic observation has made quantification an expected component of the experimental results. Laboratory personnel are now spending more time in front of computers than microscopes. This fact prompted a reevaluation of our current methods resulting in a faster, user-friendly computer assisted imaging system.

One software program that has become ubiquitous within the field of scientific imaging is Adobe® Photoshop®. Although a multitude of different image capture and analysis software programs are in use, a version of Photoshop® can invariably be found residing in most laboratories involved in imaging. A disadvantage of many image analysis software programs is the lack of image enhancement capability that we have grown to know and love within the Photoshop® environment.

This paper describes the work carried out at the Center for Sprogteknologi in Copenhagen to validate the LE evaluation methodology developed by the LRE project TEMAA. TEMAA has developed a framework for the evaluation of LE products, implemented in a Parameterisable Testbed (PTB). The framework allows for a modular, formal and exible description of user requirements and objects of evaluation, it accommodates test methods of various kind and provides a methodology for assessing test results in the light of the requirements expressed by different user types. While the fundamentals of the TEMAA framework are meant to apply to adequacy evaluation of LE products in general, a detailed methodology has been worked out for the evaluation of spelling and grammar checkers, and applied to the concrete evaluation of Danish and Italian spelling checkers. The main focus of this paper is on showing that the general methodology provides a valid model for designing and carrying out a concrete evaluation, as in the case study on Danish spelling checkers.

X-ray absorption and glancing angle reflectivity measurements in the energy range of the Nitrogen K-edge and Gallium M2,3 edges are reported. Linear muffin-tin orbital band-structure and spectral function calculations are used to interpret the data. Polarization effects are evidenced for the N-K-edge spectra by comparing X-ray reflectivity in s- and p-polarized light.

In many applications, x-ray mulhilayer mirrors are exposed to high peak fluxes of x-rays with subsequent damage to the mirror. Mirror damage is a particularly severe problem with the use of multilayers as cavity optics for short wavelength x-ray lasers. Intense optical and x-ray radiation, from the x-ray laser plasma amplifier, often damages the multilayer mirror on time scales of hundreds of picoseconds. The phenomenon of multilayer mirror damage by pulsed xray emission has been studied using short duration (500 psec) bursts of soft x-rays from a laser produced gold plasma. The results of the experiments will be compared with some simple models and the possibility of increasing the damage thresholds of short wavelength multilayer mirrors will be discussed.

In English history, 1688 is best remembered as the year of the Glorious Revolution. But that same year also witnessed the death of John Bunyan (1628–1688), the Nonconformist Bedford minister widely known as the author of The Pilgrim's Progress (1678; part two, 1684) and a preacher capable of drawing 3,000 persons to Sunday sermons in London. In subsequent centuries his fame increased, and, partly through translations into numerous languages, his story of Christian's pilgrimage became known in nearly every region of the world. In our own time his life and work have drawn the attention of many scholars from several fields, and the publication in modern editions of all of his sixty printed works has been undertaken. In 1988 the tercentenary of his death has been observed by a variety of activities including scholarly conferences and publications.

X-ray microscopy is a field that has developed rapidly in recent years. Two different approaches have been used. Zone plates have been employed to produce focussed beams with sizes as low as 0.07 pm for x-ray energies below 1 keV. Images of biological materials and elemental maps for major and minor low Z have been produced using above and below absorption edge differences. At higher energies collimators and focussing mirrors have been used to make small diameter beams for excitation of characteristic K— or L-x rays of all elements in the periodic table.