Objectives/Goals: Poor visual memory and perceptual organization task performance predicts cognitive decline and is sensitive to dementia severity. No genome-wide association study (GWAS) has assessed the genomic basis of cognitive visual-spatial phenotypes. We aimed to identify common genetic variants associated with visual memory and spatial organization. Methods/Study Population: We included dementia- and stroke-free participants aged 45 years or older from up to seven cohorts in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium, who performed cognitive tasks assessing delayed visual memory (e.g., Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT, n = 10,934) and visual reproductions (VR, n = 5,527)) or spatial organization (i.e., Hooper Visual Organization Test (HVOT, n = 5,024)). Each cohort used linear regression models to relate common genetic variants imputed to the 1000 Genomes panel to each cognitive phenotype, adjusting for age, sex, population stratification, and education. Summary statistics for the BVRT were meta-analyzed using METAL. Combined GWAS was used for a joint analysis of all traits. Results/Anticipated Results: We identified a genome-wide significant variant related to BVRT performance located near the TSHZ3 gene (rs10425277, p = 6.76×10–9). TSHZ3 is important for the development and function of cortical projecting neurons and may be implicated in Alzheimer’s disease progression by repressing CASP4 transcription. Multitrait analyses, including BVRT, VR, and HVOT, identified two additional variants of interest in SMYD3 gene (rs10802275, p = 5.58×10–7) and near ZFPM2 (rs2957459, p = 2.03×10–7), both of which are overexpressed in the brain and have important implications for neurodevelopment. SMYD3 may be directly involved in synaptic dysfunction and has been shown to be upregulated in the prefrontal cortex of Alzheimer’s disease patients. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Our findings suggest that variants related to visual memory and spatial organization are involved in neurodevelopmental and degenerative pathways. This GWAS adds to the growing body of GWAS literature on the genetic basis of cognitive function. Additional analyses are underway to replicate these findings and extend functional annotation.

This paper presents detailed analyses of the Reynolds stresses and their budgets in temporally evolving stratified wakes using direct numerical simulation. Ensemble averaging is employed to mitigate statistical errors in the data, and the results are presented as functions of both the transverse and vertical coordinates – at time instants across the near-wake, non-equilibrium, and quasi-two-dimensional regimes for wakes in weakly and strongly stratified environments. Key findings include the identification of dominant terms in the Reynolds stress transport equations and their spatial structures, the generation and destruction processes of the Reynolds stresses, and the energy transfer between the Reynolds stress and the mean flow. The study also clarifies the effects of the Reynolds number and the Froude number. Additionally, we assess the validity of the eddy-viscosity type models and some existing closures for the Reynolds stress model, highlighting the limitations of isotropy and return-to-isotropy hypotheses in stratified flows.

For binary plug nozzle, the plug cone is exposed to high-temperature mainstream flow, making it one of the nozzle’s high-temperature components. This paper uses the Realizable k-ε turbulence model and the reverse Monte Carlo method to numerically investigate the aerodynamic and infrared radiation characteristics of the plug nozzle. Various slot cooling configurations were adopted to study the nozzle’s infrared radiation in detail. Results indicate that compared to the baseline nozzle, the plug nozzle’s performance is slightly reduced due to the decrease in effective area of flow over the plug cone. Introducing slot cooling at the rear edge provides significant infrared suppression benefits at low detection angles and notably reduces infrared radiation discrepancy with baseline nozzle at high detection angles. The cooling air from slots causes the nozzle jet to exhibit a ‘thermal layered’ feature. With the same total coolant mass flow, the ‘leading edge + trailing edge’ cooling configuration can lower the area-averaged wall temperature of the plug cone by 5.5% – 12.3%. However, its infrared radiation intensity at each detection angle on the pitch detection plane is higher than that of the ‘trailing edge’ configuration. The significance of leading-edge cooling is focused more on thermal protection for the plug. Thus, it is essential to balance coolant mass flow distribution between infrared radiation suppression and thermal protection.

The depth-integrated horizontal momentum equations and continuity equation are employed to develop a new model. The vertical velocity and pressure can be expressed exactly in terms of horizontal velocities and free-surface elevation, which are the only unknowns in the model. Dividing the water column into elements and approximating horizontal velocities using linear shape function in each element, a set of model equations for horizontal velocities at element nodes is derived by adopting the weighted residual method. These model equations can be applied for transient or steady free-surface flows by prescribing appropriate lateral boundary conditions and initial conditions. Here, only the wave–current–bathymetry interaction problems are investigated. Theoretical analyses are conducted to examine various linear wave properties of the new models, which outperform the Green–Naghdi-type models for the range of water depth to wavelength ratios and the Boussinesq-type models as they are capable of simulating vertically sheared currents. One-dimensional horizontal numerical models, using a finite-difference method, are applied to a wide range of wave–current–bathymetry problems. Numerical validations are performed for nonlinear Stokes wave and bichromatic wave group propagation in deep water, sideband instability, regular wave transformation over a submerged shoal and focusing wave group interacting with linearly sheared currents in deep water. Very good agreements are observed between numerical results and laboratory data. Lastly, numerical experiments of wave shoaling from deep to shallow water are conducted to further demonstrate the capability of the new model.

The cyst nematodes, subfamily Heteroderinae, are plant pathogens of worldwide economic significance. A new cyst nematode of the genus Cactodera within the Heteroderinae, Cactodera xinanensis n. sp., was isolated from rhizospheres of crops in the Guizhou and Sichuan provinces of southwest China. The new species was characterized by having the cyst with a length/width = 1.3 ± 0.1 (1.1–1.6), a fenestral diameter of 28.1 ± 4.3 (21.3–38.7) μm, vulval denticles present; second-stage juvenile with stylet 21.5 ± 0.5 (20.3–22.6) μm long, tail 59.4 ± 2.0 (55.9–63.8) μm long and hyaline region 28.7 ± 2.7 (25.0–36.3) μm long, lateral field with four incisures; the eggshell with punctations. The new species can be differentiated from other species of Cactodera by a longer tail and hyaline region of second-stage juveniles. Phylogenetic relationships within populations and species of Cactodera are given based on the analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-rRNA), the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (28S-rRNA) D2-D3 region and the partial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences here. The ITS-rRNA, 28S-rRNA and COI gene sequences clearly differentiated Cactodera xinanensis n. sp. from other species of Cactodera. A key and a morphological identification characteristic table for the species of Cactodera are included in the study.

Folate metabolism is involved in the development and progression of various cancers. We investigated the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in folate-metabolising genes and their interactions with serum folate concentrations with overall survival (OS) and liver cancer-specific survival (LCSS) of newly diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. We detected the genotypes of six SNP in three genes related to folate metabolism: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase (MTRR) and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR). Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI. This analysis included 970 HCC patients with genotypes of six SNP, and 864 of them had serum folate measurements. During a median follow-up of 722 d, 393 deaths occurred, with 360 attributed to HCC. In the fully-adjusted models, the MTRR rs1801394 polymorphism was significantly associated with OS in additive (per G allele: HR = 0·84, 95 % CI: 0·71, 0·99), co-dominant (AG v. AA: HR = 0·77; 95 % CI: 0·62, 0·96) and dominant (AG + GG v. AA: HR = 0·78; 95 % CI: 0·63, 0·96) models. Carrying increasing numbers of protective alleles was linked to better LCSS (HR10–12 v. 2–6 = 0·70; 95 % CI: 0·49, 1·00) and OS (HR10–12 v. 2–6 = 0·67; 95 % CI: 0·47, 0·95). Furthermore, we observed significant interactions on both multiplicative and additive scales between serum folate levels and MTRR rs1801394 polymorphism. Carrying the variant G allele of the MTRR rs1801394 is associated with better HCC prognosis and may enhance the favourable association between higher serum folate levels and improved survival among HCC patients.

Indoor ventilation is underutilized for the control of exposure to infectious pathogens. Occupancy restrictions during the pandemic showed the acute need to control detailed airflow patterns, particularly in heavily occupied spaces, such as lecture halls or offices, and not just to focus on air changes. Displacement ventilation is increasingly considered a viable energy efficient approach. However, control of airflow patterns from displacement ventilation requires us to understand them first. The challenge in doing so is that, on the one hand, detailed numerical simulations – such as direct numerical simulations (DNSs) – enable the most accurate assessment of the flow, but they are computationally prohibitively costly, thus impractical. On the other hand, large eddy simulations (LES) use parametrizations instead of explicitly capturing small-scale flow processes critical to capturing the inhomogeneous mixing and fluid–boundary interactions. Moreover, their use for generalizable insights requires extensive validation against experiments or already validated gold-standard DNSs. In this study, we start to address this challenge by employing efficient monotonically integrated LES (MILES) to simulate airflows in large-scale geometries and benchmark against relevant gold-standard DNSs. We discuss the validity and limitations of MILES. Via its application to a lecture hall, we showcase its emerging potential as an assessment tool for indoor air mixing heterogeneity.