The current study was designed to examine the association between a composite healthy lifestyle score (HLS) and thyroid function biomarkers among American adults. This cross-sectional study utilised data from 5693 adults aged ≥ 18 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2012 cycles. A HLS (range 0–6) was constructed based on six modifiable factors: non-smoking, no heavy alcohol intake, normal BMI (18·5–24·9 kg/m2), high physical activity (upper tertile of metabolic equivalent-min/week), adequate sleep (7–9 h/night) and appropriate energy intake. Serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone, free and total thyroxine (FT4, TT4), free and total triiodothyronine (FT3, TT3), thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid antibodies (TPOAb, TgAb) were measured. Multivariable linear regression adjusted for sociodemographic factors was used to assess associations. In fully adjusted models, each one-point increase in HLS was associated with lower serum FT4 (β = –0·07 ng/dl; 95 % CI: –0·10, –0·03; P < 0·001) and TT4 (β = –0·11 µg/dl; 95 % CI: –0·15, –0·06; P < 0·001). Compared with participants with an HLS of 0–1, those with HLS 4–6 had lower FT4 (β = –0·20; 95 % CI: –0·30, –0·09; P < 0·001) and TT4 (β = –0·36; 95 % CI: –0·49, –0·22; P < 0·001). Associations for other thyroid markers were not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons (P > 0·05). A healthier lifestyle is inversely associated with serum FT4 and TT4 levels, highlighting potential links between modifiable behaviours and thyroid physiology.

In this paper, we experimentally study the unique surface sensing property and enhanced sensitivity in subwavelength grating (SWG) based microring resonator biosensors versus conventional ring resonator biosensors. In contrast to a conventional ring, the effective sensing region in the SWG microring resonator includes not only the top and side of the waveguide, but also the space between the silicon pillars on the propagation path of the optical mode. It leads to an unique property of thickness-independent surface sensitivity versus common evanescent wave sensors; in other words, the surface sensitivity remains constantly high with progressive attachment of biomolecules to the sensor surface. To increase the robustness of performance of ring shaped circular SWG biosensors, we experimentally demonstrate silicon SWG racetrack resonators. A quality factor of 9800 and bulk sensitivity (S) is ∼429.7 nm/RIU (refractive index per unit) results in an intrinsic detection limit (iDL) 3.71×10-4 RIU in racetrack SWG biosensors while still retaining the accumulated surface thickness properties of circular rings.