Novel management strategies for controlling smutgrass have potential to influence sward dynamics in bahiagrass forage systems. This experiment evaluated population shifts in bahiagrass forage following implementation of integrated herbicide and fertilizer management plans for controlling smutgrass. Herbicide treatments included indaziflam applied PRE, hexazinone applied POST, a combination of PRE + POST herbicides, and a nonsprayed control. Fertilizer treatments included nitrogen, nitrogen + potassium, and an unfertilized control. The POST treatment reduced smutgrass coverage regardless of PRE or fertilizer application by the end of the first season and remained low for the 3-yr duration of the experiment (P < 0.01). All treatments, including nontreated controls, reduced smutgrass coverage during year 3 (P < 0.05), indicating that routine harvesting to remove the biomass reduced smutgrass coverage. Bahiagrass cover increased at the end of year 1 with POST treatment (P < 0.01), but only the POST + fertilizer treatment maintained greater bahiagrass coverage than the nontreated control by the end of year 3 (P < 0.05). Expenses associated with the POST + fertilizer treatment totaled US$348 ha−1 across the 3-yr experiment. Other smutgrass control options could include complete removal of biomass (hay production) and pasture renovation, which can cost 3-fold or greater more than POST + fertilizer treatment. Complete removal of biomass may reduce smutgrass coverage by removing mature seedheads, but at a much greater expense of US$2,835 to US$5,825 ha−1, depending on herbicide and fertilizer inputs. Bahiagrass renovation is US$826 ha−1 in establishment costs alone. When pasture production expenses are included for two seasons postrenovation, the total increases to US$1,120 ha−1 across three seasons. The importance of hexazinone and fertilizer as components of smutgrass control in bahiagrass forage was confirmed in this study. Future research should focus on the biology of smutgrass and the role of a PRE treatment in a long-term, larger-scale forage system.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common disorder that is vastly underdiagnosed and causes an increased risk for sudden cardiac death. Cardiology providers (CHCPs) are in an ideal position to care for patients with FH. This research aimed to assess the knowledge of CHCPs in the screening, diagnosis, and management of FH. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Adaptation of an existing knowledge tool guided survey development. FH knowledge domains included description of FH, prognosis, prevalence, inheritance, diagnostic criteria, and management options. CHCPs were asked to select their provider type (MD, PA, NP, RN) and years in clinical practice (less than 1-5 years, 6-10 years, 11-20 years, and greater than 20 years).Convenience and snowball sampling recruited CHCPs in the Division of Cardiology at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC). Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on quantitative survey data using R. Frequency counts of provider type and years in clinical practice were calculated. Comparisons of scores between provider types and years in clinical practice were made using ANOVA. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 70 surveys were analyzed (30.2% response rate). 50% of CHCPs identified as MDs, 24.2% as RNs, 12.9% as NPs, and 12.9% as PAs. With regards to clinical experience, 21.4% of CHCPs had 1-5 years, 25.7% had 6-10 years, 24.3% had 11-20 years, and 28.6% had greater than 20 years. The average overall score across all CHCPs was 55.4%, with the highest on the description knowledge domain (81.4% correct), followed by management (61.8%), diagnostic criteria (60.6%), inheritance (58.6%), prevalence (44.3%), and prognosis (25.2%). Physicians had the highest average score of 66.0%, followed by NPs (50.3%), PAs (49.7%), and RNs (39.3%). There was no significant difference in scores across experience levels, provider types, and knowledge domains based on experience levels. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: CHCPs across all provider types and years of experience had limited FH knowledge. There exists an opportunity to improve CHCPs’ knowledge of FH through education (didactic knowledge) or practice (experiential knowledge). Future interventions should aim to increase didactic and experiential knowledge of CHCPs through a variety of methods.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common disorder that is vastly underdiagnosed and causes an increased risk for sudden cardiac death. Cardiology providers (CHCPs) are in an ideal position to care for patients with FH. This research aimed to understand the practice behaviors of CHCPs in the screening, diagnosis, and management of FH. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: An explanatory mixed methods design was utilized for this study. Adaptation of an existing FH knowledge tool guided survey development. The results of the quantitative survey, along with the Knowledge to Action framework and Theory of Planned Behavior, guided development of the interview protocol. Convenience and snowball sampling recruited CHCPs in the Division of Cardiology at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC). Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on survey data. Qualitative interviews were conducted with survey respondents who volunteered to participate. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed thematically. A descriptive review of the educational materials offered by the Division of Cardiology was conducted to identify FH knowledge domains presented. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: CHCPs with MDs, at CUIMC for 6-10 years, in clinical practice for 1-5 years, and in Inpatient Services had the highest average total FH knowledge scores. CHCPs with RNs, at CUIMC for less than 1 year, in clinical practice for 6-10 years, and in Cath Lab had the lowest average FH knowledge scores. Twenty interviews were completed, and four themes emerged- variability in FH care; issues related to addressing FH at institutional, practice setting and individual levels; importance of identifying FH early; and intervention approaches to overcome barriers to caring for FH patients in cardiology. CHCPs with MDs or with experiential FH knowledge were the only CHCPs to describe FH care beyond the point of screening. The document review revealed that only MDs were provided four lectures over the course of 4 years pertaining to FH. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: CHCPs with didactic or experiential FH knowledge provided care beyond screening. Future interventions should increase didactic and experiential FH knowledge by incorporating institutional, local, and national FH resources. Improving the FH care CHCPs provide, can reduce FH-related morbidity and mortality as well as improve FH health outcomes.

Smutgrass is an invasive weed species that can quickly outcompete bahiagrass because of its aggressive growth, prolific seed production, and rhizomatous nature. Total renovation of bahiagrass pastures or hayfields is generally not a feasible or economically viable option for most producers. Therefore, controlling the continual spread of smutgrass will require an integrated weed management (IWM) plan that incorporates multiple strategies. The objective of this study was to test the interactions of herbicides and fertilizers on smutgrass control in bahiagrass and determine the most efficacious and economical IWM plan for low-input bahiagrass systems. This research was conducted on a mixture of ‘Tifton 9’ and ‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass at the Alapaha Beef Station in Alapaha, GA. The study design was a randomized complete block with a three-by-four factorial treatment arrangement with six replications. Fertility treatments included 56 kg N ha–1 (ammonium nitrate, 34% N) + 56 kg K2O ha–1, 56 kg N ha–1, and an unfertilized control. Smutgrass was reduced to <15% ground coverage when a postemergent herbicide was applied. The addition of a preemergent herbicide and/or fertilizer further reduced the coverage of smutgrass (P < 0.01). As smutgrass declined, the bahiagrass ground coverage increased; other vegetation and dead material did not differ by treatment. Generally, herbage accumulation and crude protein were only affected following the second N application (P < 0.01). Treatments that included preemergent (indaziflam) and postemergent (hexazinone) herbicides in addition to N and K2O resulted in an improved bahiagrass stand as timely weed suppression removed competition, while fertilizer provided essential nutrients for optimum growth to fill in the gaps. Combining herbicide and fertilizer is a more economical option for producers when compared to a complete bahiagrass renovation.

Stem cells give rise to the entirety of cells within an organ. Maintaining stem cell identity and coordinately regulating stem cell divisions is crucial for proper development. In plants, mobile proteins, such as WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5 (WOX5) and SHORTROOT (SHR), regulate divisions in the root stem cell niche. However, how these proteins coordinately function to establish systemic behaviour is not well understood. We propose a non-cell autonomous role for WOX5 in the cortex endodermis initial (CEI) and identify a regulator, ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN3)/GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR 1, that coordinates CEI divisions. Here, we show with a multi-scale hybrid model integrating ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and agent-based modeling that quiescent center (QC) and CEI divisions have different dynamics. Specifically, by combining continuous models to describe regulatory networks and agent-based rules, we model systemic behaviour, which led us to predict cell-type-specific expression dynamics of SHR, SCARECROW, WOX5, AN3 and CYCLIND6;1, and experimentally validate CEI cell divisions. Conclusively, our results show an interdependency between CEI and QC divisions.

The Motivation Assessment for Team Readiness, Integration, and Collaboration (MATRICx) is a psychometric instrument that measures individual motivation for collaboration. It was validated using Rasch Analysis to create an indicator hierarchy on two dimensions: cooperation and collaboration. Six domains provide the basis for the tool to identify team member readiness for collaboration and a means by which to understand motivational strengths in a team based on degree of past self-reported experience. This brief report provides an overview of the development of the tool, how science teams may use it, and how to interpret results to advance team member readiness for greater collaboration. The paper also draws attention to ongoing work in progress to develop learning interventions to accompany the MATRICx instrument.

Including information and values from patients in HTA has the potential to improve both the process and outcomes of health technology policy decisions. Accordingly, funding and structural incentives to include patients in HTA activities have increased over the past several years. Unfortunately, these incentives have not yet been accompanied by a corresponding increase in resources, time, or commitment to responsiveness. In this Perspectives piece, we reflect on our collective experiences participating in, conducting, and overseeing patient engagement activities within HTA to highlight the ethical challenges associated with this area of activity. While we remain committed to the idea that patient engagement activities strengthen the findings, relevance, and legitimacy of health technology policy, we are deeply concerned about the potential for these activities to do ethical harm. We use this analysis to call for action to introduce strong protections against ethical violations that may harm patients participating in HTA engagement activities.

Objectives: Value assessments of marketed drug technologies have been developed through disinvestment frameworks. Components of these frameworks are varied and implementation challenges are prevalent. The objective of this systematic literature review was to describe disinvestment framework process components for drugs and to report on framework components, challenges, and solutions.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using the terms: reassessment, reallocation, reinvestment, disinvestment, delist, decommission or obsolescence in MEDLINE, EMBASE, NLM PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and CINAHL from January 1, 2000, until November 14, 2015. Additional citations were identified through a gray literature search of Health Technology Assessment international (HTAi) and the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA) member Web sites and from bibliographies of full-text reviewed manuscripts.

Results: Sixty-three articles underwent full text review and forty were included in the qualitative analysis. Framework components including disinvestment terms and definitions, identification and prioritization criteria and methods, assessment processes, stakeholders and dissemination strategies, challenges, and solutions were compiled. This review finds that stakeholders lack the political, administrative, and clinical will to support disinvestment and that there is not one disinvestment framework that is considered best practice.

Conclusions: Drug technology disinvestment components and processes vary and challenges are numerous. Future research should focus on lessening value assessment challenges. This could include adopting more neutral framework terminology, setting fixed reassessment timelines, conducting therapeutic reviews, and modifying current qualitative decision-making assessment frameworks.