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A core feature of romantic relationships is the interpersonal consequence of partners’ behavior on each other over time. The Ideal Standards Model (ISM) was developed with this in mind, but early research guided by this model focused more intently on understanding the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of individuals involved in romantic relationships. For example, determining how individuals evaluate the quality of their relationship based on how closely they perceive their partners match their standards for an ideal partner. More recent research has begun systematically testing the dyadic implications of partner’s perceived discrepancies. In this chapter we briefly outline the major tenets of the ISM, review research supporting predictions derived from the model, and discuss in more detail research focusing on the dyadic nature of ideal standards in a relationship context. We provide some thoughts on the direction of future research.
The transition to parenthood is one of the most stressful and life-altering events that many people ever face (Belsky & Pensky, 1988). Compared to other life transitions, it is unique in that most people experience it (United States Department of Census, 2000), its onset is typically known and often planned, and it involves a fairly uniform sequence of stages and experiences through which most people pass. For many couples, having a child is associated with declines in marital quality over time (Belsky, 1985 Cowan, Cowan, Core, & Core, 1978). However, variation in marital quality also increases across the transition period (Tucker & Aron, 1993), suggesting that while some couples experience decrements in marital well-being, some show improvements. Which couples fare well and which ones fare poorly, and what is happening in their marriages across the transition period?
In this chapter, we address these questions by applying principles from attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969; 1973; 1980). After reviewing prior research and models of the variables that predict changes in marital well-being across the transition to parenthood, we discuss how attachment theory sheds light on which individuals in which marriages should be more versus less susceptible to experiencing downturns in marriage. We propose that attachment security should serve as an “inner resource” (1998) that allows secure people to cope with the trials and tribulations of new parenthood more effectively, buffering them from downturns in marriage.
In economics, cash management problems may be modelled by birth-death processes which reset to central states when a boundary is reached. The nature of the transient behaviour of the probability distribution of such processes symmetric about a central state is investigated. A diffusion approximation of such processes is given and the transient probability behaviour derived from the diffusion equation.
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