Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption has generated a great deal of concern among nutrition scientists and consumers due to its potential relationship with increased risk of adverse health impacts. Evidence from intervention studies comparing UPF-rich and less-processed diets on cardiometabolic health outcomes is limited. Clinical trials that have been published to date focus on comparing more- and less-processed diets, as defined by the Nova system, and their impact on weight-related outcomes. Only one trial compares equally healthful more- and less-processed diets. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans with Ultra-Processed foods (DGA-UP) study will be the first trial to examine whether there is a differential effect to following recommendations from the 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2020 DGA) including more- or less-processed foods as defined by the Nova classification system on cardiometabolic disease risk factors. A randomised controlled crossover dietary intervention study, DGA-UP will be conducted with 4-week provision of all meals to generally healthy male and female adults at eucaloric levels. The trial will consist of two dietary arms: (1) a less-processed 2020 DGA diet and (2) an ultra-processed 2020 DGA diet. The primary outcome is change in blood pressure on each diet from baseline to week 4. Both interventions will have excellent diet quality and contain similar amounts of macronutrients and micronutrients as well as the same types of food. DGA-UP will help to fill a significant research gap regarding potential impact of UPF on cardiometabolic health markers independent of food type, diet quality and micronutrient content.

We probe the atomic hydrogen (Hi) emission from the host galaxies of fast radio bursts (FRBs) to investigate the emerging trend of disturbance and asymmetry in the population. Quadrupling the sample size, we detect 16 out of 17 new hosts in Hi, with the single non-detection arising in a galaxy known to be transitioning towards quiescence. With respect to typical local Universe galaxies, FRB hosts are generally massive in Hi ( $\gt10^9$ M$_{{\odot}}$), which aligns with previous studies reporting that FRB hosts also tend to have high stellar masses and are star-forming. However, they span a broad range of other Hi derived properties. Using visual inspection alongside various asymmetry metrics, we identify six unambiguously settled host galaxies, demonstrating for the first time that a disturbed Hi morphology is not a universal feature of FRB host galaxies. However, we find another six that show clear signs of disturbance, one borderline case, and three which require deeper or more targeted observations to reach a conclusion; this brings the confirmed ratio of disturbed-to-settled FRB hosts to 11:6. Given that roughly a 1:1 ratio is expected for random background galaxies of similar type, our observed ratio yields a p-value of 0.222. Therefore, we conclude that contrary to earlier indications, there is no statistically significant excess of Hi disturbance in this sample of FRB host galaxies with respect to the general galaxy population, and hence we find no evidence for a fundamental connection between FRB progenitor formation and merger-induced star formation activity.

Objectives/Goals: Research supports the use of music to improve the care and well-being of adults living with dementia; however, the practice and implementation of music in elder care communities is not regulated. The goal of this qualitative study was to survey elder care communities in Northeast Kansas to determine the use of music with people living with dementia. Methods/Study Population: We interviewed staff (n = 10) at five elder care communities in the Kansas City Metro area and observed musical activities and artifacts in shared living spaces within each community. Interview questions included details of the frequency and purpose of using music, who determined which music to use, and any effects, positive or negative, the interviewee believed to be associated with the use of music. Musical events, visiting musicians or music therapists leading group sing-alongs were observed at two communities, and music-related activities led by staff were observed at two others. Results/Anticipated Results: Music was used in some way at each of the five communities. Each location had recorded music available to residents in the shared living spaces, and most had a piano in the main lounge area. During the sing-along and music-related activities, residents were observed singing along to songs from memory, engaging with one another and the group leader and smiling. Staff employed by each community varied in their level of musical training and experience, from none to a full-time music therapist in residence. Staff interviewed said they believed music was helpful to aid memory recall, reduce anxiety, and to engage interest. Interestingly, a music therapist at one site also described how music during mealtimes created too much of a distraction for residents and interfered with dietary care. Discussion/Significance of Impact: It is clear from both the staff interviews and direct observations of musical activities that music is important to consider for people living with dementia in care communities. Guidelines for implementation and minimum standards would be helpful to ensure all care community residents can experience benefits highlighted by staff in this study.

Laboratory experiments are used to evaluate the extent to which players in games can coordinate investments that diminish the probability of losses due to security breaches or terrorist attacks. In this environment, economically sensible investments may be foregone if their potential benefits are negated by failures to invest in security at other sites. The result is a coordination game with a desirable high- payoff, high-security equilibrium and an undesirable low-security equilibrium that may result if players do not expect others to invest in security. One unique feature of this coordination situation is that investment in security by one player generates a positive externality such that all other players’ expected payoffs are increased, regardless of those other players’ investment decisions. Coordination failures are pervasive in a baseline experiment with simultaneous decisions, but coordination is improved if players are allowed to move in an endogenously determined sequence. In addition, coordinated security investments are observed more often when the largest single security threat to individuals is preventable by their own decisions to invest in security. The security coordination game is a “potential game,” and the success of coordination on the more secure equilibrium is related to the notion of potential function maximization and basin of attraction.

Objectives: Studies in PD have traditionally focused on motor features, however, interest in non-motor manifestations has increased resulting in improved knowledge regarding the prognosis of the disease. Although several studies have explored the incidence of dementia in PD cohorts, these studies have been conducted mainly in reference centers in high-income countries (HIC). In this study we aimed to analyze the prevalence of cognitive impairment in people with parkinsonism and PD and its association with incident dementia in a population- based study, of elderly from six Latin American countries.

Methods: This report consists of the analysis of data from a follow-up of 12,865 elderly people aged 65 years or older, carried out by 10/66 Dementia Research Group. Residents of urban and rural areas, from six low and middle- income countries (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Mexico and Peru). Exposures include parkinsonism and PD defined according to the UK Parkinson’s Disease Society Brain Bank diagnostic criteria. Cognitive impairment was the main exposure and dementia was measured through the dementia diagnosis algorithm from 10/66 DRG.

Results: At baseline, the overall prevalence of cognitive impairment was 14% (n = 1,581), in people with parkinsonism and PD, it was of 30.0% and 26.2%, respectively. Parkinsonism and PD were individually associated with prevalent and incident dementia after controlling for age, sex, and education. The pooled odds ratios from a fixed-effects meta-analysis were 2.2 (95% CI: 1.9 – 2.6) for parkinsonism and 1.9 (95% CI: 1.4 – 2.4) for PD. Regarding incident dementia, the pooled sub-Hazard ratio estimated using a competing risk model was 1.5 (95% CI: 1.2 –1.9) for parkinsonism and 1.5 (95% CI: 1.0 – 2.2) forPD.

Conclusions: Parkinsonism and PD were associated cross-sectionally with the presence of cognitive impairment, and prospectively with incident dementia in elderly people in the community population of Latin America studied. Systematic screening for cognitive impairment and dementia with valid tools in PD patients may help with earlier detection of those at highest risk for adverse outcomes. Identifying modifiable risk factors could potentially lead to efficient interventions even in advanced stages of PD.

Objectives: Because of the continued transition to older populations, various strategies have been developed to estimate the social impact and burden of health care. Regarding mental health, a strategy in the elderly is the measurement of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), these include a wide range of behavioral and psychological manifestations. These are more frequent in the presence of some diseases, such as neurodegenerative syndromes, among which dementias and Parkinson’s disease (PD) stand out. The present study seeks to analyze the frequency of NPS, its relationship with the presence or absence of neurodegenerative syndromes and some characteristics of the elderly and caregivers.

Methods: This is an analysis of data from 12,865 elderly people evaluated within the protocols of the Dementia Research Group 10/66 in 6 Latin American countries (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Venezuela and Peru). The presence or absence of parkinsonism, dementia and parkinsonism plus dementia (PDD) was identified through previously validated and published Methods. The NPS were assessed using the 12-symptom questionnaire version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Other characteristics such as age, sex and education, in patients and caregivers; socioeconomic status, disability and comorbidities in the elderly; relationship with the elderly, needs and care-burden were assessed in careers.

Results: The most frequent symptoms were depression and sleep disorders in the four groups (without non-NDS neurodegenerative syndromes, parkinsonism, dementia and PDD, ranging from 23% to 49%. About a third of the elderly with parkinsonism, half of those with dementia, and 3 out of 5 of the elderly with PDD had 3 or more NPS. The odds ratios (OR) of each NPS measure by multivariate logistic regression models shown OR from 1.4 to 1.9 in the presence of parkinsonism; between 1.7 and 9.3 in the presence of dementia; and between 1.9 and 10.2 in the presence of PDD.

Conclusions: From a clinical and public mental health perspective, it is necessary to implement systematic Methods for NPS screening, as well as develop support strategies for families and caregivers, mainly of those with neurodegenerative syndromes.

Background: Limited knowledge exists about the association between Parkinsonism or Parkinson’s disease (PD) and cognitive impairment and dementia in Latin America.

Objectives: The study aimed to determine the cross-sectional and prospective associations between Parkinsonism and PD with cognitive impairment and dementia in a large multi-country cohort in Latin America.

Methods: The 10/66 is a prospective, observational cohort study. This population-based cohort study was based in six Latin American countries: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Mexico, and Peru. The study includes 12,865 participants from six countries, including residents aged 65 years and living in urban and rural catchment areas. Exposures included diagnosed Parkinsonism and PD defined according to the United Kingdom Parkinson’s Disease Society Brain Bank diagnostic criteria. Cognitive impairment was the main outcome measure for cross-sectional analysis and dementia was used to measure the prospective association with the exposures. Logistic regression models were used to explore the association between Parkinsonism/PD with cognitive impairment at baseline. Competing risk models were used to assess the prospective association between Parkinsonism/PD with incident dementia accounting for competing risk of mortality. Individual country analyses were combined via fixed-effect meta-analysis.

Results: At baseline, the prevalence of cognitive impairment in people with Parkinsonism and PD was 30% and 26.2%, respectively. Parkinsonism (OR 2.2 (95%CI 1.9 – 2.6)) and PD (1.9 (95%CI 1.4 – 2.4)) were individually associated with baseline and incident cognitive impairment after accounting for age, sex, and education, after pooling. In competing risk models, the pooled sub- hazard ratios for dementia in the fixed effect metanalysis were 1.5 (95%CI 1.2 – 1.9) for parkinsonism and 1.5 (95%CI 1.0 – 2.2) for PD.

Conclusions: Parkinsonism and PD were cross-sectionally associated with cognitive impairment and prospectively associated with incident dementia in Latin America. Routine screening for cognitive impairment and dementia with validated tools in PD patients may aid earlier detection of those at greater risk ofadverseoutcomes.

The Surface Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves (SPARC) database has provided the community with mass models for 175 nearby galaxies, allowing different research teams to test different dark matter models, galaxy evolution models, and modified gravity theories. Extensive tests, however, are hampered by the somewhat heterogeneous nature of the Hi rotation curves and the limited sample size of SPARC. To overcome these limitations, we are working on BIG-SPARC, a new database that consists of about 4000 galaxies with Hi datacubes from public telescope archives (APERTIF, ASKAP, ATCA, GMRT, MeerKAT, VLA, and WSRT) and near infrared photometry from WISE. For these galaxies, we will provide homogeneously derived Hi rotation curves, surface brightness profiles, and mass models. BIG-SPARC is expected to increase the size of its predecessor by a factor of more than 20. This is a necessary step to prepare for the additional order of magnitude increase in sample size expected from ongoing and future Hi surveys with the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) and its pathfinders.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We aim to discover safer and more effective therapeutics for CNS disorders. Current therapeutic development is hindered by dosing out drugs for safe consumption. By identifying proteins with narrow functional roles in the brain (i.e., behavioral control), we can develop drugs targeting these proteins for improved treatment safety and efficacy. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We focused on an evolutionarily new, non-neuronal, non-synaptic glutamate signaling mechanism, system xc- (Sxc). Sxc activity was eliminated by mutating the gene Slc7a11 through pronuclear injection of zinc-finger nucleases into Sprague Dawley rat embryos to create a line of rats lacking Sxc (MSxc). To confirm Sxc mutation, we verified that tissue from MSxc rats had a complete lack of xCT, which is the regulatory subunit of Sxc that is encoded by Slc7a11. We also verified that astrocyte cultures generated from MSxc tissue lacked cystine-evoked glutamate release. Next, we measured development (body weight), CNS regulation of metabolism, and other indicators of generalized, non-specific brain function as well as behaviors that are reliant on behavioral control, such as impulse control and response inhibition. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Eliminating Sxc was not lethal and did not impair development or produce widespread changes in brain function as is commonly observed when deleting other glutamate mechanisms. MSxc rats did not differ from wildtype in growth rate, central regulation of metabolism as reflected by absolute or diurnal changes in core body temperature, locomotor activity in a familiar or novel environment, or simple forms of cognition such as novel object recognition, or operant responding (food and cocaine-reinforced). In contrast, behaviors that rely on behavioral control were impaired. MSxc rats displayed deficits in impulse control and behavioral flexibility. We hypothesize that MSxc rats will also show deficits in response inhibition using the stop signal reaction time task, a common metric used in clinical populations. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Eliminating Sxc activity in rats produced deficits in behaviors reliant on impulse control, without impacting development or simple brain function. These results show the potential of targeting Sxc to restore behavioral control without generating therapeutically limiting adverse effects resulting from non-specific changes in brain function.

We conducted three studies to investigate how well pictographs communicate medical screening information to persons with higher and lower numeracy skills. In Study 1, we conducted a 2 (probability level: higher vs. lower) × 2 (reference information: yes vs. no) × 2 (subjective numeracy: higher vs. lower) between-subjects design. Persons with higher numeracy skills were influenced by probability level but not by reference information. Persons with lower numeracy tended to differentiate between a higher and a lower probability when there was no reference information. Study 2 consisted of interviews about the mental processing of pictographs. Higher numeracy was associated with counting the icons and relying on numbers depicted in the graph. Study 3 was an experiment with the same design as in Study 1, but, rather than using reference information, we varied the sequence of task type (counting first vs. non-counting first) to explore the role of the focus on numerical information. Persons with lower numeracy differentiated between higher and lower risk only when they were in the non-counting first condition. Task sequence did not influence the risk perceptions of persons with higher numeracy. In sum, our results suggest that pictographs may be useful for persons with higher and lower numeracy. However, these groups seem to process the graph differently. Persons with higher numeracy rely more on the numerical information depicted in the graph, whereas persons with lower numeracy seem to be confused when they are guided towards these numbers.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We aim to determine whether non-neuronal, non-synaptic glutamate signaling mechanisms can be targeted to produce highly specific, narrow changes in brain function that would benefit CNS disorders. To do this, we investigated cognitive changes produced through manipulating the activity of the astrocytic glutamate release mechanism system xc-. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: System xc- (Sxc) activity was eliminated by mutating the gene Slc7a11 through pronuclear injection of zinc-finger nucleases into Sprague Dawley rat embryos to create a line of rats lacking Sxc (MSxc rats). To confirm a lack of Sxc activity, we verified that tissue from MSxc rats had a complete lack of xCT, which is the regulatory subunit of Sxc that is encoded by Slc7a11. We also verified that astrocyte cultures generated from MSxc tissue lacked cystine-evoked glutamate release. Next, we measured development (body weight), CNS regulation of metabolism, and other indicators of generalized, non-specific brain function as well as behaviors that are reliant on executive function, such as cognitive flexibility, impulse control, decision-making, and response inhibition. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Eliminating Sxc was not lethal and did not impair development or produce widespread changes in brain function as is commonly observed when deleting other glutamate mechanisms. MSxc rats did not differ from wildtype in growth rate, central regulation of metabolism as reflected by absolute or diurnal changes in core body temperature, locomotor activity in a familiar or novel environment, or simple forms of cognition such as novel object recognition, or operant responding (food and cocaine-reinforced). In contrast, behaviors that rely on executive function were impaired. MSxc rats displayed deficits in cocaine reinstatement and attentional set-shifting. We anticipate MSxc rats to also show impairments in decision-making in the rat gambling task and response inhibition in the stop-signal reaction time task. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Eliminating Sxc activity in rats produced deficits in behaviors reliant on executive function without impacting development or simple brain function. These results highlight the potential of targeting Sxc to enhance cognition without generating therapeutically limiting adverse effects resulting from non-specific changes in brain function.

The user's gaze can provide important information for human–machine interaction, but the analysis of manual gaze data is extremely time-consuming, inhibiting wide adoption in usability studies. Existing methods for automated areas of interest (AOI) analysis cannot be applied to tangible products with a screen-based user interface (UI), which have become ubiquitous in everyday life. The objective of this paper is to present and evaluate a method to automatically map the user's gaze to dynamic AOIs on tangible screen-based UIs based on computer vision and deep learning. This paper presents an algorithm for automated Dynamic AOI Mapping (aDAM), which allows the automated mapping of gaze data recorded with mobile eye tracking to the predefined AOIs on tangible screen-based UIs. The evaluation of the algorithm is performed using two medical devices, which represent two extreme examples of tangible screen-based UIs. The different elements of aDAM are examined for accuracy and robustness, as well as the time saved compared to manual mapping. The break-even point for an analyst's effort for aDAM compared to manual analysis is found to be 8.9 min gaze data time. The accuracy and robustness of both the automated gaze mapping and the screen matching indicate that aDAM can be applied to a wide range of products. aDAM allows, for the first time, automated AOI analysis of tangible screen-based UIs with AOIs that dynamically change over time. The algorithm requires some additional initial input for the setup and training, but analyzed gaze data duration and effort is only determined by computation time and does not require any additional manual work thereafter. The efficiency of the approach has the potential for a broader adoption of mobile eye tracking in usability testing for the development of new products and may contribute to a more data-driven usability engineering process in the future.

We investigate the relationship between environment and star formation main sequence (the relationship between stellar mass and star formation rate) to shed new light on the effects of the environments on star-forming galaxies. We use the large VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz catalogue that consist of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) and active galactic nuclei (AGN) in three different environments (field, filament, cluster) and for different galaxy types. We examine for the first time a comparative analysis for the distribution of SFGs with respect to the star formation main sequence (MS) consensus region from the literature, taking into account galaxy environment and using radio selected sample at 0.1 ≤ z ≤ 1.2 drawn from one of the deepest COSMOS radio surveys. We find that, as observed previously, SFRs increase with redshift independent on the environments. Furthermore, we observe that SFRs versus M* relation is flat in all cases, irrespective of the redshift and environments.

The spatial-intensity profile of light reflected during the interaction of an intense laser pulse with a microstructured target is investigated experimentally and the potential to apply this as a diagnostic of the interaction physics is explored numerically. Diffraction and speckle patterns are measured in the specularly reflected light in the cases of targets with regular groove and needle-like structures, respectively, highlighting the potential to use this as a diagnostic of the evolving plasma surface. It is shown, via ray-tracing and numerical modelling, that for a laser focal spot diameter smaller than the periodicity of the target structure, the reflected light patterns can potentially be used to diagnose the degree of plasma expansion, and by extension the local plasma temperature, at the focus of the intense laser light. The reflected patterns could also be used to diagnose the size of the laser focal spot during a high-intensity interaction when using a regular structure with known spacing.

Does Kantian moral agency require phenomenal consciousness? More to the point, can firms (and other highly organized collectives) be Kantian moral agents—bound by Kantian obligations—in the absence of consciousness? After sketching the mechanics of my account of corporate agents, I consider three increasingly demanding accounts of Kantian moral agency, concluding that corporate agents can meet each successively higher threshold. They can (1) act on universalizable principles and treat humanity as an end in itself; (2) give such principles to themselves, treat their own ‘humanity’ as an end itself, and act out of respect for the law; and (3) to the extent necessary, draw on empathically generated information and insights to inflect their performance, all in the absence of phenomenal consciousness. I close by rejecting two further arguments that phenomenal consciousness is nonetheless conceptually or practically necessary for Kantian moral agency.