The dynamic behaviour of helicopter during water impact, considering variations in initial downward velocity and pitching angle, have been investigated numerically and theoretically in the present study. The air-water two-phase flows are simulated by solving unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations enclosed by standard $k - \omega $ turbulence model. A treatment for computational domain in combination with a global dynamic mesh technique is applied to deal with the relative motion between the helicopter and water. Results indicate that the initial downward velocity of helicopter exhibits behaviour similar to that of a V-shaped body impacting on water, as does the initial pitching angle. To extend the theoretical approach for predicting the kinematic parameters during helicopter ditching, a shape factor capturing the combined effect of various attributes and an average deadrise angle for asymmetric wedges are also introduced.

Young stellar objects (YSOs) are protostars that exhibit bipolar outflows fed by accretion disks. Theories of the transition between disk and outflow often involve a complex magnetic field structure thought to be created by the disk coiling field lines at the jet base; however, due to limited resolution, these theories cannot be confirmed with observation and thus may benefit from laboratory astrophysics studies. We create a dynamically similar laboratory system by driving a $\sim$1 MA current pulse with a 200 ns rise through a $\approx$2 mm-tall Al cylindrical wire array mounted to a three-dimensional (3-D)-printed, stainless steel scaffolding. This system creates a plasma that converges on the centre axis and ejects cm-scale bipolar outflows. Depending on the chosen 3-D-printed load path, the system may be designed to push the ablated plasma flow radially inwards or off-axis to make rotation. In this paper, we present results from the simplest iteration of the load which generates radially converging streams that launch non-rotating jets. The temperature, velocity and density of the radial inflows and axial outflows are characterized using interferometry, gated optical and ultraviolet imaging, and Thomson scattering diagnostics. We show that experimental measurements of the Reynolds number and sonic Mach number in three different stages of the experiment scale favourably to the observed properties of YSO jets with $Re\sim 10^5\unicode{x2013}10^9$ and $M\sim 1\unicode{x2013}10$, while our magnetic Reynolds number of $Re_M\sim 1\unicode{x2013}15$ indicates that the magnetic field diffuses out of our plasma over multiple hydrodynamical time scales. We compare our results with 3-D numerical simulations in the PERSEUS extended magnetohydrodynamics code.

One species-general life history (LH) principle posits that challenging childhood environments are coupled with a fast or faster LH strategy and associated behaviors, while secure and stable childhood environments foster behaviors conducive to a slow or slower LH strategy. This coupling between environments and LH strategies is based on the assumption that individuals’ internal traits and states are independent of their external surroundings. In reality, individuals respond to external environmental conditions in alignment with their intrinsic vitality, encompassing both physical and mental states. The present study investigated attachment as an internal mental state, examining its role in mediating and moderating the association between external environmental adversity and fast LH strategies. A sample of 1169 adolescents (51% girls) from 9 countries was tracked over 10 years, starting from age 8. The results confirm both mediation and moderation and, for moderation, secure attachment nullified and insecure attachment maintained the environment-LH coupling. These findings suggest that attachment could act as an internal regulator, disrupting the contingent coupling between environmental adversity and a faster pace of life, consequently decelerating human LH.

Shark vertebrae and their centra (vertebral bodies) are high-performance structures able to survive millions of cycles of high amplitude strain despite lacking a repair mechanism for accumulating damage. Shark centra consist of mineralized cartilage, a biocomposite of bioapatite (bAp), and collagen, and the nanocrystalline bAp's contribution to functionality remains largely uninvestigated. Using the multiple detector energy-dispersive diffraction (EDD) system at 6-BM-B, the Advanced Photon Source, and 3D tomographic sampling, the 3D functionality of entire centra were probed. Immersion in ethanol vs phosphate-buffered saline produces only small changes in bAp d-spacing within a great hammerhead centrum. EDD mapping under in situ loading was performed an entire blue shark centrum, and 3D maps of bAp strain showed the two structural zones of the centrum, the corpus calcareum and intermedialia, contained opposite-signed strains approaching 0.5%, and application of ~8% nominal strain did not alter these strain magnitudes and their spatial distribution.

Bird strike accidents are critical threats for aviation safety especially in airport airspaces. Environment friendly solutions are preferred for wildlife managements to achieve harmonic coexistence between airports and surrounding environments. Avian radar systems are the most effective remote sensing approach for long-range and all-weather birds monitoring. Massive historical avian radar datasets and other data sources provide an opportunity to explore relevance between bird behaviour and environments. This paper proposes a bird behaviour characterisation and prediction method to reveal bird behaviour dependency with weather parameters. Bird behaviours are modelled as indices and grades from selected avian radar datasets. Weather dependence are studied from single parameter to multivariable parameters. The random forest model is selected as a behaviour grade prediction model taking four weather parameters as system inputs. Radar datasets for diurnal and nocturnal birds are constructed to validate their behaviour characters and prediction performance, respectively. Experiment results verify the feasibility of bird behaviour prediction using weather parameters, but also reflect some insufficiencies within the proposed method. Data sufficiency and severe weather considerations are also discussed to analyse their impact on prediction accuracy. A more comprehensive prediction model with standardised avian radar data quality and enhanced weather information accuracy is promising to further elevate the application significance of the proposed method.

There is a relative lack of research, targeted models and tools to manage beaches in estuaries and bays (BEBs). Many estuaries and bays have been highly modified and urbanised, for example port developments and coastal revetments. This paper outlines the complications and opportunities for conserving and managing BEBs in modified estuaries. To do this, we focus on eight diverse case studies from North and South America, Asia, Europe, Africa and Australia combined with the broader global literature. Our key findings are as follows: (1) BEBs are diverse and exist under a great variety of tide and wave conditions that differentiate them from open-coast beaches; (2) BEBs often lack statutory protection and many have already been sacrificed to development; (3) BEBs lack specific management tools and are often managed using tools developed for open-coast beaches; and (4) BEBs have the potential to become important in “nature-based” management solutions. We set the future research agenda for BEBs, which should include broadening research to include greater diversity of BEBs than in the past, standardising monitoring techniques, including the development of global databases using citizen science and developing specific management tools for BEBs. We must recognise BEBs as unique coastal features and develop the required fundamental knowledge and tools to effectively manage them, so they can continue providing their unique ecosystem services.

Background: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare cause of stroke, with 10–15% of patients experiencing dependence or death. The role of endovascular therapy (EVT) in the management of CVT remains controversial and practice patterns are not well-known. Methods: We distributed a comprehensive 53-question survey to neurologists, neuro-interventionalists, neurosurgeons and other relevant clinicians globally from May 2023 to October 2023. The survey asked about practice patterns and perspectives on EVT for CVT and assessed opinions regarding future clinical trials. Results: The overall response rate was 31% (863 respondents from 2744 invited participants) across 61 countries. A majority (74%) supported use of EVT for certain CVT cases. Key considerations for EVT included worsening level of consciousness (86%) and other clinical deficits (76%). Mechanical thrombectomy with aspiration (22%) and stent retriever (19%) were the most utilized techniques, with regional variations. Post-procedurally, low molecular weight heparin was the predominant anticoagulant administered (40%), although North American respondents favored unfractionated heparin. Most respondents supported future trials of EVT (90%). Conclusions: Our survey reveals significant heterogeneity in approaches to EVT for CVT, highlighting the necessity for adequately powered clinical trials to guide standard-of-care practices.

Background: Neurological complications following vaccinations have been described before, but the rates of neurological complications, and their variation by ethnicity, following COVID-19 vaccine are not well-known. Methods: We conducted a population-based cohort study of Ontarians aged 18 years and over who received their first COVID-19 vaccine, and followed them for six weeks to estimate the incidence of neurological events, ascertained using validated case definitions based on ICD-10 codes. Ethnicity was defined using last name surname algorithm. We used multivariable logistic regression models, adjusting for age, sex, and vaccine-type to evaluate ethnic differences. Results: In the included 10,063,466 Ontario residents, incidence of GBS (n=72), CVST (n=52) and transverse myelitis (n=25) after first COVID-19 vaccine was rare. The crude rate of ischemic stroke (240/1,000,000 people) was the highest followed by Bell’s palsy (54/1,000,000). Compared to the general population, the adjusted odds of ischemic stroke and Bell’s palsy were lower in Chinese (aORBell’s 0.62; 0.39-0.98 and a ORischemic stroke 0.74; 0.59-0.91) and South Asians (aORBell’s 0.83; 0.52-1.31 and aORischemic stroke 0.84; 0.65-1.08). Conclusions: The incidence of neurological events following COVID-19 vaccine is low, and it varies by ethnicity. Our findings should encourage vaccination against COVID-19 in all ethnic groups.

Background: For treatment of high-grade gliomas (HGGs), subtotal resection (STR) may be preferred to minimize injury to eloquent areas. We aimed to characterize neurologic deficits developed in STR patients within the first month post-operatively and to establish a potential threshold for a safe volume of residual tumor to avoid neurological worsening. Methods: This is a single institution retrospective chart review, with 146 charts reviewed and 78 patients deemed eligible. Preoperative deficits and postoperative neurological deficits presenting prior to 1 month after surgery were captured. Imaging features such as tumour volume, edema, and other pertinent imaging characteristics were collected from preoperative and postoperative imaging. Results: Most patients that developed a postoperative deficit presented with motor deficits (55.1%), while only 1.3% of patients developed new or worsening tremor after surgery. On average, in patients with a new deficit, 26.5% of tumor was resected, and all patients had more than 19% of residual tumor. Conclusions: Postoperative neurologic deficits may develop after a subtotal resection when an average of 73.5% of tumor remains. The proposed threshold for tumor resection is greater than 26.5% to minimize the potential of neurologic worsening 1 month postoperatively.

Background: Electrophysiological tests such as the tapping test are used to distinguish functional and organic tremors, in which patients with functional tremor commonly show entrainment and amplitude reduction (>50% decrease relative to baseline) of contralateral tremor during tapping. While these features are suggested to be specific to functional tremor, the tapping test in Parkinson’s disease (PD) tremor has not been tested. Methods: We evaluated 18 PD patients (2F, age 64.17±7.30 [mean±SD] years) with rest and postural tremors using surface electromyography and triaxial accelerometry. Patients were recorded while tapping at 1, 3 and 5 Hz with the contralateral arm at rest or outstretched. Tremor amplitude and frequency were calculated using power spectrum analysis from accelerometer recordings. Results: Reduction of rest tremor amplitude was observed in 3/18 patients during 1 and 3 Hz tapping. Reduction was seen in 3/16 and 1/16 patients with postural tremors at 1 and 3 Hz tapping, respectively. Frequency shifts (>1.5 Hz) were observed in 3/18 rest tremors and 6/16 postural tremors. Seven patients exhibited rest and/or postural tremor entrainment during 3 or 5 Hz tapping. Conclusions: Distractibility and entrainment can be found in PD tremor. The tapping test may not reliably distinguish between PD tremor and functional tremor.

Ultrafast optical probing is a widely used method of underdense plasma diagnostic. In relativistic plasma, the motion blur limits spatial resolution in the direction of motion. For many high-power lasers the initial pulse duration of 30–50 fs results in a 10–15 μm motion blur, which can be reduced by probe pulse post-compression. Here we used the compression after compressor approach [Phys.-Usp. 62, 1096 (2019); JINST 17 P07035 (2022)], where spectral broadening is performed in thin optical plates and is followed by reflections from negative-dispersion mirrors. Our initially low-intensity probe beam was down-collimated for a more efficient spectral broadening and higher probe-to-self-emission intensity ratio. The setup is compact, fits in a vacuum chamber and can be implemented within a short experimental time slot. We proved that the compressed pulse retained the high quality necessary for plasma probing.

It is estimated that one-quarter of the world’s population has Metabolic Syndrome (MS)(1), a key driver of growth in healthcare expenditure. Traditional approaches to treating MS through the application of standard dietary recommendations and caloric restriction have had limited success. More recent evidence suggests that novel, anti-inflammatory approaches such as replacing refined carbohydrates and ultra-processed food with unprocessed or minimally processed, lower carbohydrate foods and adapting meal timing and frequency may be more effective(2). The aim of the study was twofold: 1) To determine the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory dietary strategies for long-term weight loss and improvement in metabolic health and 2) To examine the relationships between eating behaviours and long-term weight loss. Twelve-month audit data from a UK based 12-week lifestyle program that focuses the principles of consuming an anti-inflammatory diet was analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA to examine the effects of the program on changes in weight and waist circumference. A quantitative, survey-based research design was used to retrospectively identify relationships between eating behaviours and both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory dietary patterns. Multivariate regression using stepwise method was used to examine differences in weight change based on eating patterns and behaviours. Six hundred and forty-two (N = 642) participants (age = 50.4 ± 12.5 years, female 63.6%, weight = 96.1 kg ± 22.1, BMI 35.2 kg/m2 ± 7.5) demonstrated a weight loss average of 4.49 kg ± 3.78 post-lifestyle program (12 weeks). Survey respondents (N = 64) reported a maximum long term weight loss of 13.9 kg ± 11.9. Weight loss and percentage weight loss after the program was significantly predicted by daily consumption of sweet drinks and grain-based foods. The model predicted one unit increase in daily serving consumption of these foods resulted in less weight lost [2.3 kg (4.5%)]. Seventy one percent of survey respondents had maintained most or all their weight loss for more than 6 months. The model predicted change in consumption of grain-based foods, TFEQ-emotional eating score, consumption of savoury ultra-processed foods, and following an alternative dietary approach after the program were statistically significant in predicting weight loss maintenance (R2 = 0.803, F(4, 20) = 20.376, p < 0.001). The preliminary findings suggest that anti-inflammatory dietary approaches are effective and sustainable for weight loss. Eating behaviour may both support and hinder long term changes in eating patterns and whilst there are significant relationships between eating behaviour and eating patterns, the extent to which dietary patterns drive eating behaviour remains unclear.

In this article, we present direct numerical simulation results for the expansion of spherical cap bubbles attached to a rigid wall due to a sudden drop in the ambient pressure. The critical pressure drop beyond which the bubble growth becomes unstable is found to match well with the predictions from classical theory of heterogeneous nucleation imposing a quasi-static bubble evolution. When the pressure drop is significantly higher than the critical value, a liquid microlayer appears between the bubble and the wall. In this regime, the interface outside the microlayer grows at an asymptotic velocity that can be predicted from the Rayleigh–Plesset equation, while the contact line evolves with another asymptotic velocity that scales with a visco-capillary velocity that obeys the Cox–Voinov law. In general, three distinctive regions can be distinguished: the region very close to the contact line where dynamics is governed by visco-capillary effects, an intermediate region controlled by inertio-viscous effects away from the contact line yet inside the viscous boundary layer, and the region outside the boundary layer dominated by inertial effects. The microlayer forms in a regime where the capillary effects are confined in a region much smaller than the viscous boundary layer thickness. In this regime, the global capillary number takes values much larger then the critical capillary number for bubble nucleation, and the microlayer height is controlled by viscous effects and not surface tension.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Dietary fiber has been used in other clinical populations to improve mineral disorders, but there is limited data in chronic kidney disease, despite the high prevalence of mineral and bone disorder (known as CKD-MBD). Our objective was to evaluate the effect of dietary fiber based on viscosity and fermentability on CKD-MBD outcomes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: 22-week-old male CKD rats (mild-to-moderate CKD) were randomly assigned to receive one of four fiber treatments (10% w/w each) based on fermentability and viscosity: 1) Cellulose (-fermentability, -viscosity), 2) Inulin (+fermentability, -viscosity), 3) Psyllium husk (-fermentability, +viscosity), or 4) Pectin (+ fermentability, +viscosity). Treatments lasted 10 weeks, and rats were euthanized at 32 weeks of age (kidney failure). Rats were placed in metabolic cages for 3 consecutive days the last week before euthanasia for mineral balance. At euthanasia, blood, tibia, heart, and aorta were collected for CKD-MBD assessment. Additional tissues collected included kidneys and all intestinal segments. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our preliminary data indicates that weight trajectories and survival were similar between treatment groups. At 33 weeks of age, kidney weight index (an indirect measurement of kidney function as this animal model develops polycystic kidneys) was lower in the psyllium-treated rats compared to all of the other treatments. Plasma phosphorus was lower with Psyllium and Pectin compared to Cellulose-treated rats. Left ventricular mass index was lower in the Inulin, Psyllium, and Pectin-treated rats compared to the Cellulose-treated rats. Ongoing tissue analyses include biochemical markers of mineral and bone metabolism (parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor-23, and phosphorus balance), bone parameters (dynamic histomorphometry and microCT), and cardiovascular calcification. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our preliminary data indicate that dietary fiber based on fermentability and viscosity impacts CKD-MBD outcomes and may be an innovative, low-cost intervention that can be trialed in people with CKD for the prevention and treatment of CKD-MBD.