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Page 1 of 3

  • Chapter 8 - Bipolar Disorders

  • Edited by David M. L. Branford, Independent Pharmacy Consultant, Satheesh K. Gangadharan, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Mary Barrett, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Regi T. Alexander, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust
  • Book:
    The Frith Prescribing Guidelines for People with Intellectual Disability
    Published online:
    07 November 2024
    Print publication:
    21 November 2024, pp 102-117

  • Summary

    Bipolar disorders are episodic mood disorders defined by the occurrence of manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes or symptoms. Manic and hypomanic symptoms are characterised by a subjective experience of increased energy and activity, along with various other symptoms. These episodes typically alternate over the course of these disorders with depressive episodes or periods of depressive symptoms such as lowering of mood, decreased energy and activity (ICD-11, 2019; DSM-5, 2013). Both the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5 and the International Classification of Diseases ICD-11 broadly subclassify the condition as follows: bipolar I disorder: one or more manic episodes or mixed episodes. Individuals often have one or more major depressive episodes; bipolar II disorder: one or more major depressive episodes accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode. Bipolar affective disorders present a major diagnostic and treatment challenge to services for people with intellectual disability. The chapter presents an overview of the condition, the treatments with medication available, and their relevance. The chapter includes the use of mood stabilisers such as sodium valproate.

The Frith Prescribing Guidelines for People with Intellectual Disability
  • 4th edition
  • Edited by David M. L. Branford, Satheesh K. Gangadharan, Mary Barrett, Regi T. Alexander
  • Published online:
    07 November 2024
    Print publication:
    21 November 2024
  • People with intellectual disability are more likely to experience mental health difficulties, and their treatment responses may differ from those in the general population. This book, written by leading clinical practitioners from around the world, provides comprehensive guidance on prescribing for people with intellectual disability, as well as general information on their clinical care. The guidelines have been conceived and developed by clinicians working in intellectual disability services. Combining the latest evidence and expert opinion, they provide a consensus approach to prescribing as part of a holistic package of care, and include numerous case examples and scenarios. Now in its fourth edition, this update reflects the changes in prescribing practice; it places emphasis on clinical scenarios and case examples and includes input from service users and their families. This is a practical guide for busy clinicians, and a valuable reference for all primary and secondary healthcare professionals.

  • Chapter 1 - Introduction

  • from Section 1 - An Overview: Definitions, Epidemiology and Policy Issues
  • Edited by Jane M. McCarthy, Regi T. Alexander, Eddie Chaplin
  • Book:
    Forensic Aspects of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
    Published online:
    18 May 2023
    Print publication:
    01 June 2023, pp 1-12

  • Summary

    The chapter provides an introduction to neurodevelopmental disorders and summarises recent advances in published research, focusing on the very early development and function of the human brain. The main influences on the current delivery and development of forensic healthcare services is set within the context of available policy and guidance, which is limited in part by the available research evidence to inform it. The book is divided into three sections. The first provides an overview with an introduction to individual disorders and covers aetiology, prevalence, comorbid mental disorder and relevant policy to date. The second section focuses on the clinical aspects of the range of disorders including screening, assessment, diagnosis, risk assessments and therapeutic approaches. The final section examines the pathways through the criminal justice system from police to court to disposal and addresses the specific aspect of fitness to plead or stand trial for those with neurodevelopmental disorders. This section also describes current relevant legislation within the UK as well as forensic services for those with such disorders from a national and international perspective.

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